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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Figure 27. Mature conversion pathway for building materials from waste and CO2 Waste materials can be reacted with CO2 to manufacture building materials. Are building materials from waste scalable? IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Traditionally, aggregates are made from natural resources, such as gypsum, chalk and limestone. The aggregates market alone would be able to absorb quantities of carbonated waste products that correspond with an amount of CO2 in the order of several billion tonnes per year (ICEF, 2017). Several estimates have been made on the global amount of CO2 that could technically be absorbed by waste streams, mostly in the range of 100 Mt/yr to 1 200 Mt/yr (Gomes et al., 2016; ICEF, 2017; Renforth et al., 2011). The availability of waste streams may be an important long-term constraint due to reduced coal-fired power generation and primary steel production, although legacy waste from stockpiles may be available. Furthermore, technological improvements may unlock the treatment of waste materials that cannot be converted at industrially acceptable rates today. According to the UK-based company Carbon8, around 15 Mt/yr of CO2 can be realistically used for the carbonation of waste materials with current technology, based on the availability of CO2 and suitable waste materials close to the market for building materials (Alberici et al., 2017). In some locations, there may not be sufficient waste material in the short term (three to ten years) as most of it is under contract with waste disposal companies (Alberici et al., 2017). Under what conditions are building materials from waste competitive? The relatively low product value of building materials makes it difficult for building materials from waste to compete in the market. Carbonated waste products are only viable if the combined costs of transport, pre-treatment and carbonation, minus the avoided cost of waste treatment, are lower than the product’s market price. Given the low market value of building aggregates, the willingness to pay for CO2 will likely be lower than in the case of CO2- cured concrete. In addition to aggregates made from natural minerals, carbonated waste products would have to compete with alternative waste treatment processes that can extract valuable metals for sale. Nevertheless, Carbon8 has stated that the cost for their waste-based building material is three times lower than that of other secondary aggregates.21 In terms of 21 “Secondary aggregates” are materials that can be used as aggregate but are the waste product of another process. An example is fly ash. PAGE | 60 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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