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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Recommendations The market for CO2 is expected to remain relatively small in the short term, but has potential to grow in the longer term, especially as a raw material for products that will continue to require carbon, such as aviation fuel and chemicals. Governments can identify early opportunities to build markets for captured CO2 to enable technologies to mature over the coming decades and support future investment in sectors where CO2-derived products could play an important role. Several measures are recommended for the short term: Support greater understanding and improved quantification of CO2 use applications and their benefits to the climate. To inform policy decisions there is a need for robust life- cycle analyses based on clear methodological guidelines and transparent datasets. Governments could establish international working groups with experts to facilitate knowledge sharing, development of standards and best practice guidelines. Identify and enable early market opportunities for CO2 use that are scalable, commercially-feasible and can deliver emissions reductions. The use of CO2 in building materials for non-structural applications, such as roads and floors, is one such opportunity, but in some cases also in polymers and in greenhouses to promote crop growth. Certification of polymers and the revision of waste regulations to allow conversion of waste into building materials is warranted, provided their environmental integrity can be assured. Consider the implementation of public procurement guidelines for low-carbon products. This can create an early market for CO2-derived products and assist in the establishment of technical standards and specifications. The procurement guidelines should be underpinned by a robust emissions accounting and MRV framework to ensure climate benefits are actually achieved. In parallel, several other measures can be taken to prepare the market for the longer term: Facilitate multi-year test trials for CO2-derived building materials. This is required to demonstrate reliable performance and gain broader acceptance for these products, in particular in markets for structural materials that have to support heavy loads, for example in high-rise buildings. If trials are successful, close collaboration between governments and industry is needed to update and extend existing product standards and codes. Support RD&D for future applications of CO2 use that could play a role in a net-zero CO2 emissions economy, including in aviation fuels and chemicals manufacturing. This should be in conjunction with RD&D for low-carbon hydrogen production and CO2 capture from biomass and the air. Support for international RD&D programmes and knowledge transfer networks can facilitate accelerated development and uptake of these technologies. Governments could also provide direct funding for demonstration of technologies with good prospects in terms of scalability, competitiveness, and CO2 emissions reductions. PAGE | 73 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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