PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 24 Mefofliecuielenst20c2o0n,2v5e,r3s65io3nofCO2hasattractedgreatconsiderationbecauseofthefactthatitisthe2mofo2s3t abundant C1 compound and is the major greenhouse gas [4–7]. The conversion of CO2 to value-added fuels or chemicals is important in recycling carbon species and simultaneously solving environmental fuels or chemicals is important in recycling carbon species and simultaneously solving environmental problems and energy crises. problems and energy crises. CO2 is one of the most stable molecules in which carbon is in the highest valence state. It is CO2 is one of the most stable molecules in which carbon is in the highest valence state. It is difficult to have an electrophilic reaction because of its poor electron affinity. Hence, the conversion difficult to have an electrophilic reaction because of its poor electron affinity. Hence, the conversion of CO2 depends on nucleophilic attack of the carbon atom. As is known, the dissociation energy for ofCO dependsonnucleophilicattackofthecarbonatom.Asisknown,thedissociationenergyfor 2 −1 breaking the C=O bond in CO2 molecules is higher than 750 kJ mol [8]. This is an uphill reaction breaking the C=O bond in CO2 molecules is higher than 750 kJ mol−1 [8]. This is an uphill reaction from a thermodynamic point of view. To complete such a reaction, high temperature, high pressure from a thermodynamic point of view. To complete such a reaction, high temperature, high pressure environment, or highly efficient catalysts are typically required to provide the necessary energy. Till environment, or highly efficient catalysts are typically required to provide the necessary energy. Till now, now, different strategies including thermal catalysis [9–13], photocatalysis [14–17], electrocatalysis different strategies including thermal catalysis [9–13], photocatalysis [14–17], electrocatalysis [18–21], [18–21], and photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactions [22–25] have been adopted to conduct the and photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactions [22–25] have been adopted to conduct the reduction of reduction of CO2, in which heat, light, or electricity were used to supply essential energy for the CO2, in which heat, light, or electricity were used to supply essential energy for the reaction. As is reaction. As is known, eight electrons are needed for each CO2 molecule to complete the conversion known, eight electrons are needed for each CO2 molecule to complete the conversion to hydrocarbon to hydrocarbon compounds. This leads to various products during the reduction process, resulting compounds. This leads to various products during the reduction process, resulting in complicated in complicated purification procedures and poor yield of desired products. Inspired by natural purification procedures and poor yield of desired products. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, photosynthesis, highly efficient and specific enzymatic reactions were incorporated into the highly efficient and specific enzymatic reactions were incorporated into the aforementioned reducing aforementioned reducing technologies to improve the efficiency and specificity of CO2 conversion technologies to improve the efficiency and specificity of CO2 conversion [26,27]. [26,27]. In this review, research progress of CO2 conversion through different strategies were summarized In this review, research progress of CO2 conversion through different strategies were and discussed with detailed comments of advantages and disadvantages (Scheme 1). In particular, summarized and discussed with detailed comments of advantages and disadvantages (Scheme 1). In using macrocycles as photosensitizers, current achievement, development, and catalytic activity in particular, using macrocycles as photosensitizers, current achievement, development, and catalytic photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reactions coupled with enzymatic reactions were highlighted. activity in photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reactions coupled with enzymatic reactions were Finally, this article also presented the main challenges and certain future prospects for the conversion highlighted. Finally, this article also presented the main challenges and certain future prospects for of CO2 to useful fuels. the conversion of CO2 to useful fuels. SScchheemee11. .ScchemattiiccsshowiingttheessttrraatteeggieiesstthhaattaarreeuussuuaallylyuusseeddininCCO2cconverrssiion. 2 2. Catalytic Reduction of CO2PDF Image | Research Progress in Conversion of CO2 to Valuable Fuels
PDF Search Title:
Research Progress in Conversion of CO2 to Valuable FuelsOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-25-03653.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |