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evaluating the biocatalytic reaction and more efforts should be devoted to improving the NAD(P)H yield and reducing the production cost. The combination of enzymes and photocatalysts for CO2 conversion has attracted increasing attention because it makes full use of the abundant energy supply of solar light and high specificity Mofolecnuzleysm202e0,c2a5t,a3l6y5s3is[108–110].Thesereactionscanbeconductedatmildconditionssimilar1t1ootfh2e3 photosynthesis that occurs in plants or certain bacteria. This is also called artificial photosynthesis. The combination of electrodes with suitable biological enzymes could minimize the requirement of high overpotentials to excite the electrocatalytic reaction of CO2. Such an electroenzymatic reaction high overpotentials to excite the electrocatalytic reaction of CO2. Such an electroenzymatic reaction can be carried out at a low overpotential, or even without external bias [111–113]. can be carried out at a low overpotential, or even without external bias [111–113]. 2.6. Enzyme Coupled to Photocatalysis 2.6. Enzyme Coupled to Photocatalysis The photosynthesis that occurs in green plants and certain bacteria converts solar energy into The photosynthesis that occurs in green plants and certain bacteria converts solar energy into chemical energy that can be well utilized by organisms and, at the same time, absorbs carbon dioxide chemical energy that can be well utilized by organisms and, at the same time, absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen to maintain the carbon–oxygen cycle on the earth. This inspired people to and produces oxygen to maintain the carbon–oxygen cycle on the earth. This inspired people to explore the intrinsic mechanism of the photosynthesis process and to construct artificial analogues via explore the intrinsic mechanism of the photosynthesis process and to construct artificial analogues biomimetic mythologies for alternative sustainable energy carriers instead of traditional fossil fuels. via biomimetic mythologies for alternative sustainable energy carriers instead of traditional fossil Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy consists of hydrogen production, oxygen evolution, fuels. Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy consists of hydrogen production, oxygen and carbon dioxide reduction as well as nitrogen fixation. Among them, the conversion of the evolution, and carbon dioxide reduction as well as nitrogen fixation. Among them, the conversion of human-made greenhouse gas CO2 into valuable fuels/chemicals using solar energy is considered a the human-made greenhouse gas CO2 into valuable fuels/chemicals using solar energy is considered promising and compelling approach to solar energy utilization because it aims to simultaneously solve a promising and compelling approach to solar energy utilization because it aims to simultaneously problems regarding global energy and environment [114]. In particular, photoreaction coupled with solve problems regarding global energy and environment [114]. In particular, photoreaction coupled enzymes provides a highly efficient, specific, and energy saving strategy for CO2 conversion and has with enzymes provides a highly efficient, specific, and energy saving strategy for CO2 conversion attracted special attention in recent years [115]. and has attracted special attention in recent years [115]. Yadav and coauthors [116] developed a graphene-based visible light active photocatalyst–FDH Yadav and coauthors [116] developed a graphene-based visible light active photocatalyst–FDH coupled system in which CO2 was specifically converted to formic acid. The chromophore coupled system in which CO2 was specifically converted to formic acid. The chromophore (multianthraquinone-substituted porphyrin, MAQSP) with chemically modified graphene (CCG) (multianthraquinone-substituted porphyrin, MAQSP) with chemically modified graphene (CCG) were covalently combined to form a new catalyst (CCGMAQSP), through which the light-harvesting were covalently combined to form a new catalyst (CCGMAQSP), through which the light-harvesting efficiency can be enhanced. The chromophore absorbs sunlight and acts as an electron donor. efficiency can be enhanced. The chromophore absorbs sunlight and acts as an electron donor. The The light-generated electrons are transferred to the organometallic rhodium complex through graphene light-generated electrons are transferred to the organometallic rhodium complex through graphene (electron acceptor). The rhodium complex accepts electrons from graphene and thus is reduced (electron acceptor). The rhodium complex accepts electrons from graphene and thus is reduced and and further extracts H+ from water. NAD+ accepts electrons and H+ to form NADH [89]. Formate further extracts H+ from water. NAD+ accepts electrons and H+ to form NADH [89]. Formate dehydrogenase converts CO2 to formate in the presence of NADH, as shown in Figure 7. dehydrogenase converts CO2 to formate in the presence of NADH, as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7.. Graphene-based photocatalyst catalyzed artifificial photosynthesis of formic acid from CO2 2 under visible light [116]. In addition to rhodium complexes, methyl viologen (MV) was also used as an electron mediator. Kumar and coauthors [117] designed a photocatalyst of graphene oxide modified with cobalt metallized aminoporphyrin (GO-Co-ATPP) for conversion of CO2 to formic acid under visible light. Porphyrin captures photons and generates electrons and transfers to methyl viologen (MV) complex via graphene. The organometallic MV complex can easily obtain electrons and exist in its reduced form. It further extracts protons from the aqueous solution, and transfers electrons and hydrogen ions to NAD+, which finally transforms to NADH, which is used for CO2 reduction.PDF Image | Research Progress in Conversion of CO2 to Valuable Fuels
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