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Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

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Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions ( stoichiometry-chemical-reactions )

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Chapter 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 177 • One methane molecule and two oxygen molecules react to yield one carbon dioxide molecule and two water molecules. • One dozen methane molecules and two dozen oxygen molecules react to yield one dozen carbon dioxide molecules and two dozen water molecules. • One mole of methane molecules and 2 moles of oxygen molecules react to yield 1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules and 2 moles of water molecules. Figure 4.3 Regardless of the absolute number of molecules involved, the ratios between numbers of molecules are the same as that given in the chemical equation. Balancing Equations The chemical equation described in section 4.1 is balanced, meaning that equal numbers of atoms for each element involved in the reaction are represented on the reactant and product sides. This is a requirement the equation must satisfy to be consistent with the law of conservation of matter. It may be confirmed by simply summing the numbers of atoms on either side of the arrow and comparing these sums to ensure they are equal. Note that the number of atoms for a given element is calculated by multiplying the coefficient of any formula containing that element by the element’s subscript in the formula. If an element appears in more than one formula on a given side of the equation, the number of atoms represented in each must be computed and then added together. For example, both product species in the example reaction, CO2 and H2O, contain the element oxygen, and so the number of oxygen atoms on the product side of the equation is ⎛ 2 O atoms ⎞ ⎛ 1 O atom ⎞ ⎝1 CO2 molecule × CO2 molecule⎠ + ⎝2 H2 O molecule × H2 O molecule ⎠ = 4 O atoms The equation for the reaction between methane and oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water is confirmed to be balanced per this approach, as shown here: CH4+2O2 ⟶CO2+2H2O Element Reactants Products Balanced? C 1 × 1 = 1 H 4 × 1 = 4 O 2 × 2 = 4 1 × 1 = 1 2 × 2 = 4 (1 × 2) + (2 × 1) = 4 1 = 1, yes 4 = 4, yes 4 = 4, yes

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