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182 Chapter 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions Molecular and Ionic Equations When carbon dioxide is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, the mixture reacts to yield aqueous sodium carbonate and liquid water. Write balanced molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for this process. Solution Begin by identifying formulas for the reactants and products and arranging them properly in chemical equation form: CO2(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ Na2 CO3(aq) + H2 O(l) (unbalanced) Balance is achieved easily in this case by changing the coefficient for NaOH to 2, resulting in the molecular equation for this reaction: CO2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ⟶ Na2 CO3(aq) + H2 O(l) The two dissolved ionic compounds, NaOH and Na2CO3, can be represented as dissociated ions to yield the complete ionic equation: CO2(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) ⟶ 2Na+(aq) + CO3 2−(aq) + H2 O(l) Finally, identify the spectator ion(s), in this case Na+(aq), and remove it from each side of the equation to generate the net ionic equation: CO2(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) ⟶ 2Na+(aq) + CO3 2−(aq) + H2 O(l) CO2(aq) + 2OH−(aq) ⟶ CO3 2−(aq) + H2 O(l) Check Your Learning Diatomic chlorine and sodium hydroxide (lye) are commodity chemicals produced in large quantities, along with diatomic hydrogen, via the electrolysis of brine, according to the following unbalanced equation: electricity NaCl(aq) + H2 O(l) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g) Write balanced molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for this process. Answer: 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2 O(l) ⟶ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) + 2H2 O(l) ⟶ 2Na+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2Cl−(aq) + 2H2 O(l) ⟶ 2OH−(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g) (molecular) (complete ionic) (net ionic) 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Define three common types of chemical reactions (precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction) • Classify chemical reactions as one of these three types given appropriate descriptions or chemical equations • Identify common acids and bases • Predict the solubility of common inorganic compounds by using solubility rules • Compute the oxidation states for elements in compounds This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9PDF Image | Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
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