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Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

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Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions ( stoichiometry-chemical-reactions )

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Chapter 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 187 Figure 4.6 (a) Fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruit contain the weak acid citric acid. (b) Vinegars contain the weak acid acetic acid. The hydrogen atoms that may be transferred during an acid-base reaction are highlighted in the inset molecular structures. (credit a: modification of work by Scott Bauer; credit b: modification of work by Brücke-Osteuropa/Wikimedia Commons) Compound Formula Name in Aqueous Solution HBr HCl HI HNO3 HClO4 H2SO4 Table 4.2 Common Strong Acids hydrobromic acid hydrochloric acid hydroiodic acid nitric acid perchloric acid sulfuric acid A base is a substance that will dissolve in water to yield hydroxide ions, OH−. The most common bases are ionic compounds composed of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations (groups 1 and 2) combined with the hydroxide ion—for example, NaOH and Ca(OH)2. When these compounds dissolve in water, hydroxide ions are released directly into the solution. For example, KOH and Ba(OH)2 dissolve in water and dissociate completely to produce cations (K+ and Ba2+, respectively) and hydroxide ions, OH−. These bases, along with other hydroxides that completely dissociate in water, are considered strong bases. Consider as an example the dissolution of lye (sodium hydroxide) in water: NaOH(s) ⟶ Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)

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