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192 Chapter 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 4.1 are combustion processes. A typical propellant reaction in which solid aluminum is oxidized by ammonium perchlorate is represented by this equation: 10Al(s) + 6NH4 ClO4(s) ⟶ 4Al2 O3(s) + 2AlCl3(s) + 12H2 O(g) + 3N2(g) Link to Learning Watch a brief video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16hybridrocket) showing the test firing of a small-scale, prototype, hybrid rocket engine planned for use in the new Space Launch System being developed by NASA. The first engines firing at 3 s (green flame) use a liquid fuel/oxidant mixture, and the second, more powerful engines firing at 4 s (yellow flame) use a solid mixture. Single-displacement (replacement) reactions are redox reactions in which an ion in solution is displaced (or replaced) via the oxidation of a metallic element. One common example of this type of reaction is the acid oxidation of certain metals: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⟶ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Metallic elements may also be oxidized by solutions of other metal salts; for example: Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) ⟶ Cu (NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) This reaction may be observed by placing copper wire in a solution containing a dissolved silver salt. Silver ions in solution are reduced to elemental silver at the surface of the copper wire, and the resulting Cu2+ ions dissolve in the solution to yield a characteristic blue color (Figure 4.8). Figure 4.8 (a) A copper wire is shown next to a solution containing silver(I) ions. (b) Displacement of dissolved silver ions by copper ions results in (c) accumulation of gray-colored silver metal on the wire and development of a blue color in the solution, due to dissolved copper ions. (credit: modification of work by Mark Ott) Example 4.6 Describing Redox Reactions Identify which equations represent redox reactions, providing a name for the reaction if appropriate. For those reactions identified as redox, name the oxidant and reductant. (a) ZnCO3(s) ⟶ ZnO(s) + CO2(g) (b) 2Ga(l) + 3Br2(l) ⟶ 2GaBr3(s) (c) 2H2 O2(aq) ⟶ 2H2 O(l) + O2(g) This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9PDF Image | Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
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