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The critical temperatures and pressures of materials vary quite significantly (Table 1). Generally, substances that are very polar at room temperature will have high critical temperatures since a large amount of energy is needed to overcome the polar attractive energy. Table 1. Critical conditions for various materials Ammonia Benzene Carbon dioxide Cyclohexane Ethane Ethylene Isopropanol Propane Propylene Toluene Water Critical temperature (C) 132.5 289.0 32.1 280.3 32.2 9.3 235.2 96.7 91.9 318.6 374.2 Critical pressure (bar) 112.8 48.9 73.8 40.7 48.8 50.4 47.6 42.5 46.2 41.1 220.5 At critical conditions, the molecular attraction in a supercritical fluid is counterbalanced by the kinetic energy. In this region, the fluid density and density-dependent properties are very sensitive to pressure and temperature changes. The solvent power of a supercritical fluid is approximately proportional to its density. Thus, solvent power can be modified by varying the temperature and pressure. Because their properties are a strong function of temperature and pressure, supercritical fluids are considered tunable solvents. In contrast, conventional liquid solvents require relatively large pressure changes to a!ect the density. SUPERCRITICAL CO2 PROPERTIES Unlike many organic solvents, supercritical CO2 is non- flammable. It is inert, non-toxic, has a relatively low cost and has moderate critical constants. Its solvation strength can be fine-tuned by adjusting the density of the fluid. CO2 leaves a lower amount of residue in products compared to conventional solvents, and it is available in relatively pure form and in large quantities. CO2’s critical temperature (Tc; 32.1°C) is near ambient, making it an attractive solvent for temperature-sensitive materials. CO2’s critical pressure is 73.8 bar (Pc; 1,070 psi), as shown in its phase diagram (Figure 1). Figure 1. The phase diagram for carbon dioxide shows FLOWSIC100 Flare-XT: Ultrasonic !are gas measurement (https://www.chemengonline.com/videos/!owsic100- !are-xt-ultrasonic-!are-gas-measurement-sick-ag/) Partner Videos White Biotech – safeguarding the future of generations ! (https://www.chemengonline.com/videos/white-biotech-safeguarding-the-future-of- generations/) More from GEA " (/videos/?tag=gea) FLOWSIC100 Flare-XT: Ultrasonic :are gas measuremen ... RECOVERING BATTERY-GRADE GRAPHITE, WITHOUT USING HF NEW DEMONSTRATION PLANT FOR CELLULOSIC TEXTILE FIBERS DEMONSTRATION FOR A NEW PROCESS TO MAKE ISOBUTENE AI-ENABLED DESIGN-AND-TEST PLATFORM SPEEDS BIOPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CHEMENATOR BRIEFS Chemical Engineering publishes FREE eletters that bring our original content to our readers in an easily accessible email format about once a week. Subscribe Now Send your custom HTML message to your selected audience segment through the E-Blast Re-Targeting Program. Includes follow-up to engaged users. CLICK HERE for more information.PDF Image | SUPERCRITICAL CO2: A GREEN SOLVENT
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