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Milwaukee, Sensient Wisc., U.S. Technologies Japan Kirin Food-Tech Co. Conventional processes for extracting various components from food products have limitations regarding the solvent toxicity, flammability and wastefulness. This area is where early commercial applications of supercritical CO2 were focused. The relatively low critical temperature and low reactivity of CO2 allow extraction without altering or damaging the product. Deca!eination of co!ee was one of the first processes commercialized using supercritical CO2. Prior to the use of supercritical CO2, several di!erent solvents including methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, ethylmethylketone and trichloroethane have been used for deca!eination. Extraction of hops during the beer brewing process is another area where CO2 is used. The extraction process. Extraction of food and natural products with supercritical CO2 consists of two steps: first, the extraction of supercritical CO2 soluble components from the feed; and, second, the separation of the components from supercritical CO2. The separation of supercritical CO2 from the extract can be done by either modifying the thermodynamic conditions or by using an external agent. By modifying the thermodynamic conditions via changing the pressure or temperature, the solvent power of CO2 is changed. If an external agent is used, separation is carried out by adsorption or absorption. If separation occurs with an external agent, no significant pressure change occurs. Therefore, the operating cost that is associated with pressure requirement is lower. But, an additional step is required, the recovery of the extract from the external agent. In addition, higher losses of the extract can occur during the recovery step. The feed material is typically ground solid material, which is fed to the extractor. Most commercial operations for supercritical fluid extraction are batch or semi-batch operation especially when the feed material is solid. For liquid feed material, the extraction occurs in a countercurrent column filled with random or structured packing material. However, for highly viscous liquid feed, the viscous liquid and supercritical fluid may be mixed and sprayed through a nozzle into the extractor vessel. Recent extraction applications. There has been a great deal of interest in supercritical CO2 extraction beyond ca!eine extraction, particularly in the preparation of high value products, such as flavors and fragrances, food supplements and nutraceuticals. Specialty oils, for example, are high in value and typically low in volume. They have high concentrations of bioactive lipid components that are valued because of various possible health benefits. Herbal extracts from a wide range of botanical raw materials are used as ingredients to the food-and-flavor, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and the cosmetics industries. Supercritical CO2 extraction can also be used to purify materials that are used for the production of medical devices. These high-value-product applications typically involve small volumes. Flexible, medium-capacity plants for supercritical CO2 extraction o!er toll processing for thesePDF Image | SUPERCRITICAL CO2: A GREEN SOLVENT
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