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with the scale-up and integration of such processes, given the enormous size of our energy needs. In spite of decades of research, we still do not have the catalysts or processes for the production of fuels and chemicals from electricity in place today. Figure 3: Illustration of a sustainable energy system. Several components are industrially well-developed at the moment. A green (grey in black and white) background is used to highlight the areas addressed in the present document in which current technologies are not economically viable. Key processes are electrochemical water splitting and thermal and electrochemical CO2 and N2 reduction. Graphics courtesy of Jakob Kibsgaard, DTU. An earlier version of this figure appeared in [7]. The present research needs report, or scientific roadmap, addresses the main scientific and technological challenges that must be overcome to enable the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals.1 It is based on input from more that 150 of the top academic and industrial researchers in the field from Europe and beyond. A three-day workshop with experts from chemistry, physics, engineering, and the economic and social sciences was the basis for defining the current status, challenges, and foremost research needs of twelve areas that are key to the transition to sustainable fuel and chemical production. The document begins by examining three key front-end catalytic reactions that are among the most challenging targets in chemistry: water splitting, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction. Wa- ter splitting is considered electrochemically, whereas electrochemical and thermocatalytic routes 1The present report builds upon and provides an updated European perspective on similar reports from the US Department of Energy: Basic research needs, catalysis for energy (2007), Sustainable ammonia synthesis (2016), Basic research needs for catalysis science to transform energy (2017). It also adds scientific content to previous European reports on the subject [8]. 3PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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