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owing to the complex and heterogeneous nature of the techniques involved in experimental catal- ysis research, and thus the definition of suitable metadata is a significant challenge. Beyond the sharing of data, it is also important that such data also be reliable. For computational data, this means benchmarking to higher-level methods and considering multi-scale techniques under realistic operating conditions. For experimental data, this means establishing standards and protocols for catalyst characterization and test conditions. Improving the data climate in the field of catalysis research will accelerate the impact of AI, but additional research into the application of AI itself is also important, particularly for identifying statistically exceptional data points, creating models with superior speed/accuracy compared to first-principles calculations, and using active learning to guide experiments and simulations. Scale-up and integration of new processes While some of the aforementioned electrochemical processes have demonstrated promising results, electrochemical production processes for most products are not yet developed and implemented at a scale, that can sustain the global need for chemicals and fuels. Thus, the scale-up of elec- trochemical processes is critical to meet EU goals for the transition away from fossil resources and is the subject of Section 9. Accelerating scale-up at low technology readiness levels requires increased communication between research institutions and industry, identifying technically and economically feasible technologies in the perspective of large-scale deployment and thus guiding the progress towards pilot-scale demonstration. The scale-up of pilot-scale processes to the indus- trial scale requires evaluation of technical, economic, and social feasibility. In particular, the use of testbeds may be particularly effective in facilitating high-risk prototype testing and demonstra- tions by sharing the risk among public and private stakeholders and thus mitigating reluctance to scale-up in an uncertain economic environment. Any chemical conversion technology that utilizes CO2 (as explored in Sections 2, 3, and 4) must couple to a CO2 source via a CO2 capture process. Section 10 examines the linkages between CO2 sources (e.g. industrial and power plants, ambient air), CO2 capture processes (e.g. amine scrubbing, adsorption), and CO2 utilization (as in the aforementioned processes, thus providing a temporary CO2 sink) or CO2 sequestration underground (providing a permanent sink). It analyses the different technology chains that provide societal services via fuels and chemicals (heat and power, propulsion, consumer products) using either captured CO2 or fossil carbon as feedstock. Then, it establishes that their sustainability, i.e. their compliance with the net-zero-CO2-emissions constraint (by 2040-50) defined by the IPCC, must be assessed via a detailed systems analysis considering energy efficiency, carbon cycle, resource utilization, and cost. Challenges that must be overcome to realize systems at scale include the design and implementation of a CO2 network infrastructure, process optimization that accounts for incompatibility between CO2 source and sink 8PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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