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(e.g. steady-state power plant point-source vs. intermittent electrochemical CO2 reduction), and the development of improved CO2 capture technologies, particularly to efficiently capture CO2 from air using managed biomass growth or direct air capture. The role of society While previous Sections focus largely on technological developments required of specific chemistries, these are only one important piece to the puzzle. In Section 11, industry’s critical role in the transition to a sustainable future is explored. Increasingly, stakeholders are demanding compa- nies develop and execute their strategies to be consistent with sustainability targets, and many companies are converging on water splitting as an alternative to hydrogen production from fos- sil fuels. While water splitting technologies are already feasible at the MW scale, this “green” hydrogen is more expensive than its fossil-derived alternative. To facilitate the transition to sus- tainable fuel and chemical production at an industrial scale, regulatory action must be encouraged and proper life cycle analysis practices established. In the short term, existing processes can be hybridized to be compatible with electricity from renewable sources and fund the development of fully-integrated demonstration projects at relevant scales. Furthermore, collaborations with academia can be strengthened, with a focus on the exploration of both breakthrough technologies (e.g. N2 and CO2 reduction) as well as optimization of processes like water splitting. In Section 12, the political and economic considerations that will be key to the successful transition to a circular economy are explored. This Section assumes a technologically-neutral ap- proach, flexible to new innovations and future challenges as they arise. Three important dimensions of the transition are considered: i) integration of sustainable systems into current industry and con- sumer standards; ii) involvement of a wide spectrum of stakeholders; and iii) intelligent tools and protocol development, status monitoring, and identification of appropriate actions. The emergent research questions are structured along the lines of relevant actors and levels of political decision making, leading to a three-dimensional research hierarchy, from the global to the national and local levels. It is critical to find an effective, efficient, and fair governance structure for the transition to a sustainable future. Research questions include how to trigger and secure investments, pre- vent carbon leakage, regulate emissions, encourage social acceptance, and involve consumers and other stakeholders effectively. Specifically, fossil-based volumes will need to be reduced, sustainable primary and recycled materials integrated, and downcycling minimized. Effectively managing a circular economy will also entail new business models, intensified customer integration, and appro- priate regulations. 9PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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