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2.5 Conclusion Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a key technology in the transition to a CO2-neutral energy cycle. Impressive advances have been made in recent years in the understanding and formulation of elec- trocatalysts with suitable activities and selectivities, and the field is moving towards implementing and testing these catalysts in real systems with realistic current densities. However, challenges lie in the fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism, which is essential for the ratio- nal design of the next generation of catalysts. Achieving these elusive fundamental insights will require the synergistic coupling of in situ/operando characterization with multi-scale modeling of the electrode/electrolyte interface. Optimizing the long-term stability of electrodes and other cell components will be another crucial scientific and technical challenge to be addressed. Exciting op- portunities lie in the interplay between electrochemical CO2 reduction and related scientific fields and technologies, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry and biotechnology, polymer and membrane science, chemical engineering, and process technology. References 1P. De Luna, C. Hahn, D. Higgins, S. A. Jaffer, T. F. Jaramillo, and E. H. Sargent, “What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?”, Science, 364, eaav3506 (2019). 2D. U. Nielsen, X.-M. Hu, K. Daasbjerg, and T. Skrydstrup, “Chemically and electrochemically catalysed conversion of CO2 to CO with follow-up utilization to value-added chemicals”, Nature Catalysis, 1, 244 (2018). 3R. M. Ar ́an-Ais, D. Gao, and B. Roldan Cuenya, “Structure-and electrolyte-sensitivity in CO2 electrore- duction”, Accounts of Chemical Research, 51, 2906–2917 (2018). 4D. Gao, R. M. Ar ́an-Ais, H. S. Jeon, and B. R. Cuenya, “Rational catalyst and electrolyte design for CO2 electroreduction towards multicarbon products”, Nature Catalysis, 2, 198–210 (2019). 5Y. Birdja, E. Perez Gallent, M. C. Figueiredo, A. J. Gottle, F. Calle-Vallejo, and M. T. M. Koper, “Ad- vances and challenges in understanding the electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels”, Nature Energy, In Press (2019). 6T. Burdyny and W. A. Smith, “CO2 reduction on gas-diffusion electrodes and why catalytic performance must be assessed at commercially-relevant conditions”, Energy & Environmental Science, 12, 1442–1453 (2019). 7B. Endr ̋odi, E. Kecsenovity, A. A. Samu, F. Darvas, R. V. Jones, V. T ̈or ̈ok, A. Danyi, and C. Jan ́aky, “Multi-Layer Electrolyzer Stack Converts Carbon Dioxide to Gas Products at High Pressure with High Efficiency”, ACS Energy Letters, (2019). 8P. Grosse, D. Gao, F. Scholten, I. Sinev, H. Mistry, and B. Roldan Cuenya, “Dynamic changes in the structure, chemical state and catalytic selectivity of Cu nanocubes during CO2 electroreduction: size and support effects”, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57, 6192–6197 (2018). 26PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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