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Figure 3.3: Overview of the options to convert CO2 into chemicals and materials by means other than hydrogenation. Reproduced with permission from [20]. and membrane reactors. Optimization of heat release and management is essential due to the reaction’s exothermicity; such work could be appropriately supported by multi-scale modeling [19]. Furthermore, to realize decentralized instances of Power-to-Gas technology, operation at lower temperatures (e.g. < 250 ◦C) would be valuable. As such work would likely require new catalyst design, i.e. increased activity at low temperature and poison tolerance at these conditions, these are important fields of research that are actively being pursued. 3.2.4 CO2 -to-Materials At present more than 110 million tons of CO2 are used to produce chemicals and materials. To significantly increase this number, chemistry in general and catalysis in particular constitute key technologies. To exploit the full potential of CO2 as a feedstock for fine chemicals and materials, the selective reduction of CO2 with hydrogen to C1 building blocks, the insertion of CO2 into chemical structures, and the homologation of CO2 are important areas to continue directing research efforts. Several such reactions are shown in Figure 3.3. Co-condensation of CO2 in polycarbonates and new polyketones are also interesting reactions due not only to the direct CO2 consumption, but also to the potential for replacement of other high-energy monomers with large carbon footprints. Today, molecularly defined solid catalysts have shown promise in this area [21], but there exist major challenges at the interface of chemistry and engineering that deserve special emphasis (see Section 6). In particular, the implementation of such catalysts, e.g. by transferring their exact molecular environment to heterogeneous single site catalysts, is a current scientific challenge for reaction, catalyst and process design that includes questions of scale-up, product clean-up, catalyst recycling and life cycle analysis. 32PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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