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4.4 Crosscutting and enabling technologies 4.4.1 Developments in reactor technology Reactor technology for syngas chemistry is currently developed only on very large scale (e.g., > 6000 tpd), with predominantly continuous operation (4-12% load variation) and fixed boundary conditions (homogenous feedstock and energy/water supply). Existing reactors for syngas conver- sion processes are designed to cope with the high exothermicity, slow reaction rates, and moderate conversions per pass of syngas chemistry. In addition to the abovementioned conventional issues, decentralized syngas conversion imposes the following new challenges: increased tolerance of the re- actor to variations in flow rates, residence time, feed composition (including CO/H2 ratios, CO/CO2 ratios, and poisons), high single-pass conversion, higher water formation due to the higher CO2 content in the syngas, and simplified and single-stage configurations (e.g., [10]). As down-scaling of present technology is economically unfeasible, new reactor designs are required to adapt for operation under changing, transient, and intermittent conditions. Boundary requirements include: the integration of efficient heat transfer into reactor concepts (innovative heat transfer media, structured catalysts, heat pipes for fixed bed, fluidized bed, and membrane re- actors), flow distribution (catalyst shape and reactor internals), functional integration of separation and reaction into a single reactor unit, and autonomous operation of reactor and plant. 4.4.2 Knowledge- and insight-based catalyst development using predictive tools Figure 4.5: Approaches to link structural information with catalytic properties, guided and enhanced by theory. To determine what con- trols activity and selectiv- ity at flexible conditions, knowledge- and insight-based catalyst development using predictive tools is key (e.g., [11]). Selectivity may be the result of a complex in- terplay of various factors, such as stabilization of in- termediates by shape selec- tivity, transport phenom- ena, and the intrinsic re- activity of complex, inter- twined cycles. The key challenge is to map these contributing factors, which form the basis of the design of highly active multifunctional catalysts, to the low severity reaction space required 46PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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