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catalysts have been optimized to use fossil resources (oil, natural gas, and coal) in centralized processes, often relying on CO or synthesis gas as intermediates. The replacement of these fossil resources with CO2 and green H2 or electricity is a desirable opportunity (Figure 6.2) [14]. This transition can occur both at existing industrial sites and also in new, decentralized settings, depend- ing on the availability of the renewable carbon and energy source. Transposing current chemical processes into the framework of Power-to-X will require innovative approaches to minimize mass intensity and maximize step economy. While these are already important for current, cen- tralized industrial processes, they will become absolutely essential for decentralized production. Approaching the catalytic system holistically will be paramount to ensure catalyst robustness and stability and maintain catalytic performance under the new criteria, including: compatibility with renewable feedstocks, sustainability of the catalyst life cycle (assisted by catalyst retention strategies and/or use of earth abundant metals), and minimization of up-stream and down-stream chemical separations (e.g. by integration of raw material preparation, transformation, and purification). In the short term, efforts should focus on adapting existing processes, e.g. carbony- lation reactions, such as hydroformylation re- actions (oxo-processes) and the production of acetic acid, to consume renewable feedstocks (CO2 with green H2 or CO derived from the co-electrolysis of CO2 and water) in place of fossil-derived CO. Figure 6.3 depicts a potential lighthouse project producing formic acid from bio-derived CO2 and green H2 with a homoge- neous catalyst in a decentralized, agricultural environment. The mature catalyst technology of this process makes it a prime candidate for addressing the integration problems associated with a decentralized process [15]. Furthermore, while methanizers converting agricultural waste to biogas are readily available in local farms, the resulting CO2 is currently vented to the atmosphere. Therefore, the catalytic hydrogenation of this renewable CO2 using green H2 represents an excellent opportunity to produce formic acid, a useful crop preservative, on site. Such a demonstrator project would offer a key service to the consumer and avoid the current fossil-supported production, transportation, and distribution of this preser- vative. It is estimated that such a project, which would highlight the potential of a renewable, consumer-oriented service enabled by homogeneous catalysis, could be completed in a 5-10 year timeframe. 63 Figure 6.2: Speeding up the defossilization of the current chemical industry with renewable sources of CO or synthesis gas.PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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