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Section 7 Inspiration from biological processes Serena DeBeer (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion) Huub de Groot (Leiden University) 7.1 Importance of subject Over billions of years of evolution, biological systems have optimized cellular energy conversion processes. Hence, as the scientific community searches for sustainable solutions to the world’s energy challenge, nature has the potential to provide real answers. For one, nature uses earth- abundant metallocofactors within responsive protein matrices [1] to enable challenging chemical conversions. Both the metal active sites, as well as the hierarchical protein structure, can provide important chemistry and engineering lessons that may be broadly translated in all areas of cataly- sis. Additionally, nature has evolved photosynthetic pathways that provide inspiration for various forms of artificial photosynthesis technologies: (i) Bioinspired artificial systems can directly use sunlight together with CO2, H2O, or N2 for the synthesis of essential molecules. (ii) Engineered photosynthetic organisms can directly produce target fuels and all chemicals from sunlight. (iii) Non-photosynthetic organisms can serve as catalysts in biohybrid systems, in which sunlight is har- vested and provided to the organism by either photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic components. 7.2 State of the art and scientific challenges Nature possesses a remarkable ability to activate small molecules under ambient conditions by uti- lizing earth abundant transition metal active sites within responsive protein matrices that optimize electron and proton transfer processes. In fact, many of the reactions of interest to a renewably- powered future that are identified in this report (Sections 1, 2, and 5) possess equivalent reactions in nature. Water is oxidized by the Mn4O5Ca oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II [2], dini- trogen is reduced by Fe/Mo-containing nitrogenases [3], and CO and CO2 are reversibly converted 69PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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