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7.3.2 Developing microbial cell factories for solar energy conversion to fuels and chemicals For the application of photosynthetic microorganisms to di- rect conversion of solar energy into products, synthetic bi- ology toolboxes will have to be developed. In partic- ular, several main research objectives are clear. First, CO2 fixation and uptake should be enhanced upstream. This may be done by optimizing specific existing pathways for CO2 acquisition and concentration inside the cells, either in the plasma membrane or the thylakoid membrane. This will make maximal CO2 fixation possible from atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Once sufficient CO2 is available upstream, novel metabolic pathways that act as strong electron sinks and target a diverse range of useful products need to be designed, both for direct conversion in photosynthetic or- ganisms and indirect conversion in the non-photosynthetic organisms to be used in biohybrids. A subsequent research aim is to enhance the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transfer by eliminating undesired side pathways, e.g. oxy- gen reduction to water (the water-water cycle) and natural protection mechanisms that are not necessary when organisms are grown in protected environments. In order to avoid downregulation, inhibition, and negative feedback from overproduction and saturation of sinks, it will be necessary to design systems for the secretion of target chemicals and proteins, e.g. by engineering transporters into the cell membrane for collection of products outside the cell. In addition to the fundamental and applied research needs related to engineering organisms, there is an urgent need for industrial research on improving bioreactor designs. The light exposure of cells needs to be optimized for maximum photosynthetic efficiency towards desired products, a DP associated with the FRs of newly engineered metabolic sinks, either in solution or in biofilms. Methods also need to be developed and implemented for efficient separation and collection of products from the cells in bioreactors. 7.3.3 Valorization of upstream products for feeding into the bio-based produc- tion stream Generally, microbial cell factories will have limited lifetimes, and the biomass left over from these systems can be fed into bio-based production streams, including photocatalytic reforming, for enhanced valorization with cascading (Figure 7.5). This will provide a parallel route to high value, 74 Figure 7.4: (a) isolated enzyme on electrode surface, (b) cascade of enzymes for high product selectivity, (c) biohybrid system. Reproduced with permission from [9].PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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