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Section 10 CO2 extraction Matteo Gazzani (Utrecht University) Marco Mazzotti (ETH Zurich) 10.1 Importance of subject The strategic goal to be addressed here is the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. In the spirit of a recent high-level report [1], production of fuels and chemicals is interpreted as a means to deliver societal services, namely the provision of heat and power; propulsion through fuels; and products, from bulk petrochemicals to consumers products, through chemicals. Be- cause of its scope, this Section deals only with carbon-containing (C-rich) fuels and chemicals, without implying that the former services above cannot be provided by C-free fuels [2] (see also Sections 1 and 5). Defining sustainable production is also necessary. This Section considers a process sus- tainable if it complies with the net-zero-CO2-emissions scenarios prescribed as a target for the period 2040-50 by the IPCC special report on “Global warming of 1.5 ◦C” [3]. Such a constraint requires all technology chains to recover any CO2 generated due to the production or consumption of fuels or chemicals and to further store that CO2 either permanently underground, which is com- pulsory if the carbon has fossil or mineral origin, or in a new fuel or chemical. It is therefore obvious that CO2 extraction technology is essential to achieve the overall strategic goal of the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Four simplified technology chains that involve CO2 production are illustrated in Figure 10.1 (also see Figure 10.3 for a more detailed scheme). The first technology chain shown uses fossil carbon (red arrow) to produce a fuel or a chemical for service delivery (red box, this needs some power or heat – yellow bolt), which is dumped in the atmosphere as CO2 at the end-of-life (dark grey arrow pointing upwards). This is today’s chain, which yields net-positive CO2 emissions. The last chain shown captures CO2 from air (green arrow) through direct air capture or managed 100PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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