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10.2.1 Control volume Capture (CV-C) While extensive literature reviews on CO2 capture processes exist [5–7], Table 10.1 provides an overview of CO2 capture processes for different separation routes (pre-, post-, oxy-combustion, air) and applications. We note that demonstrated technologies exist for all the relevant streams, with these being either well established (e.g. syngas plants and natural gas cleaning), commercial (e.g. post-combustion capture from power plants and steel mills), or pre-commercial (e.g. post- combustion capture from cements). Direct air capture has been demonstrated and is commercially offered by a few companies, e.g. Climeworks and GlobalThermostat. In terms of the technology used for separation, CO2 scrubbing via liquid solvents (chemical or physical) is a mature process that builds upon several commercial solutions employed in hundreds of plants. However, as is the case for many other energy processes (e.g. gas turbines and pollutant abatement), CO2 capture technology calls for continuous development to make the process more efficient and less expensive. Challenges remain regarding how to make 2nd and 3rd generation technologies competitive with existing solutions and on the likelihood of disruptive solutions. Table 10.1: Overview of (i) capture processes for different applications, (ii) commercial status, and (iii) relevant existing projects from [7]. CO2 capture process Application Status Post-combustion Pre-combustion Direct Air CO2 Capture Adsorption-based commercial Urea plants, Quest (CAN) Gorgon (AU) Port Arthur (US) Schwarze Pumpe (DE) Carbon Engineering (CAN) Climeworks Hinwil (CH) Relevant projects Absorption-based - Power plants (natural gas and coal) - Steel mills - Waste-to-energy - Cement - Steam reformers - Refineries (cracking flue gas) Commercial Commercial Commercial Pre-commercial Commercial Pre-commercial Boundary Dam (CAN), Petra Nova (US) Abu Dhabi Uthmaniyah AVR-Duiven (NL) Norcem-Brevik (NO) Absorption-based - Syngas - Natural gas treating Well established Well established Adsorption-based - Syngas Commercial Oxy-combustion - Power plants Pre-commercial Absorption-based Pre-commercial 103PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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