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• To develop a learning curve for integrated operation and economy of scale (e.g. reducing the CAPEX of the water electrolysis systems to below e500/kWh) by determining reliability issues and improving energy efficiency • To connect the energy sector to the production of chemicals, fuels, or fertilizers (i.e. sector coupling) • To demonstrate financial bankability • To create awareness and cultivate public acceptance The timelines and associated support milestones for these large demonstration projects need to be sufficiently long, as building larger installations will take significant time. To complete site selections, secure permits, and engineer and build the plant will require roughly a 10-year horizon. 11.4.3 Developing technologies beyond water electrolysis To meet the long-term goals described above, we need to develop technologies beyond water elec- trolysis. These long-term technology developments should aim for novel and effective solutions with the capacity to minimize capital investments and operating costs by, for example, reducing the number of unit operations or making each step more energy efficient. These breakthroughs would allow such technologies to compete at small-scale capacity, well suited for coupling with the decentralized RES. Examples of promising breakthrough technologies include: • Producing chemicals directly from renewable carbon sources (CO2, recycled carbon, biomass). For the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (Section 2), there is a need to develop innovative value chains by considering products further downstream with added market value, e.g. C-C bond formation products such as acetic acid/acetate, ethanol, or ethylene. Toward this end, the development of more selective electrocatalysts and novel scalable electro-reactors, while avoiding the use of critical raw materials, is needed. • Producing fertilizers directly from N2 (Section 5). The production of ammonia is an excellent example of the potential use of RES to obtain a basic commodity that is used as raw material for several industries, including fertilizers, explosives, and plastics. • Identifying suitable oxidation reactions that produce value-added chemicals with market vol- ume comparable to H2. This technology has potential to reduce OPEX by effectively using electricity at both the cathode and the anode. When green hydrogen is deployed at large scale, there will be hundreds of MW of electrical power available for selective oxidation. 115PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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