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downcycling minimized. Effectively managing a circular economy will also entail new business models, intensified customer integration, and appropriate regulations. 12.2 Preliminary Remarks While the other Sections focus on technological innovation and development, this Section addresses all-encompassing aspects of the transition, including economics, enterprises and business models, political processes, governance and regulation, the formation and conduct of social groups, the role of consumers (with increasingly multifaceted preferences and behaviors), and rapidly changing social norms.2 In line with this ambition, this Section considers the involvement and participation of all stakeholders in all phases of the transition, including initiation. This treatment transcends the outdated perspective that it is sufficient to ask for social acceptance after the major decision have already been made by businesses, policy makers, and scientists. The overarching principle of our considerations has been to stay prepared for incorporating new innovations and challenges towards a widely de-fossilized economy as they arise over time, i.e. to pursue a technologically neutral approach where possible. Important dimensions to respect as cross-cutting issues throughout are: • “Integration”: simultaneously considering possible developments both on the side of industry, especially comprising issues of production and materials supply, and on the side of consumers, especially pertaining to consumption patterns and preferences • “Involvement”: understanding the all-encompassing nature of the transition, relying on var- ious scientific disciplines and a wide spectrum of stakeholders and generating the need for discussion of governance issues • “Intelligence”: devising methodological tools and protocols to identify, assess, and monitor developments and their unintended side-effects, to determine policy success, evaluate the urgency of decisions and identify corresponding actions To provide a comprehensible structure for the emerging research questions, this overview uses as key elements the respective actors involved and, specifically, the levels of political decision making addressed by the results of this research, leading to a three-dimensional hierarchy, from the global to the national/local level. Therefore, an integrated policy framework needs to support the joint transition to a net-zero-GHG and circular society, on an international (global, EU), national and regional level – as energy and industrial transitions take place on all these levels. 2Cherp et al. [3] and Roberts et al. [4] provide comprehensive conceptualizations of energy transitions from the special perspective of political science, while Hsiang and Kopp [5] provide a brief introduction to the physical science of climate change for economists and other social scientists, and discuss areas in which they consider economic science to potentially provide a particularly useful contribution to climate science and policy. 120PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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