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View Article Online Paper Faraday Discussions cost of the feedstock is signicant but low enough to dampen out effects of temporary swings in the oil price. A good example described below is the CO2- based production of polyols for the manufacture of polyurethane polymers, which is currently being implemented on industrial scale in Germany.25,26 E-factor must be low One of the key concepts of Green Chemistry is the E factor, originally proposed by Sheldon.27 The factor is the weight of waste generated per unit weight of product. Its use has had real impact on chemical production, for example resulting in huge reductions in solvent usage in the production of Viagra.28 However, it has even more importance in CO2-based chemistry. This is because conversion of CO2 into organic compounds is energy intensive and therefore waste organic compounds will also represent a waste of energy. In the introductory lecture, the Braskem process for making polyethene from cane sugar was mentioned, as an example of using CO2 via photosynthesis.29,30 The subsequent chemistry is simple: sucrose is fermented to ethanol, which is dehydrated to ethene that is then polymerized. The advantage is that the product slots into existing supply chains without the need to create a new commercial infrastructure. As regards the E-factor, 33% of the carbon xed by photosynthesis is released as CO2 during the fermentation (and, like all CO2 utilization processes, it is vulnerable to falling oil prices which can render the cost of the product uncompetitive). Maximize integration Although research in CCS and research in CDU have oen been carried out separately, it clearly makes sense to integrate carbon capture and its subsequent use. We have previously described how captured CO2 might be exploited as a solvent for reactions in supercritical CO2.31 The rationale is that the energy costs of compressing CO2 represent a substantial fraction of the cost of supercritical processing; however, compression of CO2 is an integral part of the capture and transport technology. Consequently, power plants or industrial processes equip- ped with capture units could provide high pressure CO2 at no or moderate additional cost. Although a supercritical CO2 solvent is not strictly “utilised”, because the CO2 is still there at the end of the process, it could represent a substantial reduction in the usage of petroleum-based materials as solvents. A more chemically elegant example of integration is the process developed jointly by Bayer together with the CAT Catalytic Center at RWTH Aachen, which is now being commercialised by the company Covestro.25 The catalytic transformation has been demonstrated to be compatible with captured CO2 even from coal red power plants and other processes; the process is now being industrialised with production using the CO2 by-product from an ammonia synthesis plant located on the same industrial site. A Life Cycle Assessment is described in one of the papers in this Discussion (DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00067j). Innovative process technology Many proposed CO2-based processes will require new chemical plants to imple- ment them, immediately adding capital expenditure to other start-up costs. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Faraday Discuss., 2015, 183, 9–17 | 13 Open Access Article. Published on 03 November 2015. Downloaded on 30/08/2016 10:44:04. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.PDF Image | The Twelve Principles of CO2 CHEMISTRY
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