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Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals Introduction Carbon is an essential element of life. The human body contains about 18 percent carbon by weight, the highest elemental representation after oxygen (65 percent).1 Carbon is also an essential element in liquid transportation fuels and many chemicals; the carbon in these products is largely obtained from fossil fuel inputs such as crude petroleum and natural gas, with some more recently from renewable feedstocks (e.g., corn; and agriculture and forestry residues). Carbon is also a component of industrial emissions, which frequently contain carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and which have been a source of environmental concern. Companies are seeking to reduce industrial emissions overall—as well as levels of CO and CO2 in the emissions—by various processes. Technological advances in the fields of industrial biotechnology and electrolysis are now allowing manufacturers to use waste carbon captured from their emissions to make value-added products such as chemicals and biofuels.2 Manufacturers, including those that primarily produce non-chemical products, are starting to monetize waste carbon (in the form of CO and/or CO2) from industrial emissions by processing it into more sustainable and value-added biofuels and chemicals (see box 1). Using waste feedstocks to manufacture chemicals provides several potential advantages, including enhancement of firm-level competitiveness; possible reduction of barriers to entry for new chemical byproduct producers such as steel mills;3 and environmental benefits such as reduced levels of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere. Also, given the volatility in sourcing and pricing of fossil fuels, waste inputs allow for increased energy security, particularly for the European Union (EU) and China, through reduction of manufacturers’ reliance on fossil fuels such as crude petroleum and natural gas. But the speed of U.S. adoption of this technology may be tempered by factors discussed in more detail below, including, among others, national policies and the relative cost of fossil fuels in the United States. Background — Carbon Is a Key Input in the Chemical Industry The U.S. chemical industry is the world’s 2nd largest, supplying about 14 percent of the global market in 2019, and is global in nature with operations worldwide.4 Since its inception, the industry has produced chemicals along the entire value-chain, from upstream commodity chemicals (generally high volume, low value) to downstream specialty chemicals (high value, low volume). Figure 1 illustrates the flow of the chemicals value chain from upstream fossil fuel inputs to downstream end products. 1 Physics of the Universe, “Random Facts” (accessed August 22, 2019). 2 DOE, “Accelerating Breakthrough Innovation in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage,” September 2017. 3 Regardless of the market structure in an industry (number of firms, market shares, market concentration, etc.), industrial organization economists in recent years have focused on the role of entry (both actual and threatened) in promoting competitive performance. New technologies can emerge that challenge established market positions of incumbent firms, essentially lowering the barriers to entry into an established industry. 4 American Chemistry Council (ACC), “Guide to the Business of Chemistry,” 2019, 16–17. The value of industry shipments does not include pharmaceutical shipments. It should also be noted that the U.S. chemical industry is generally defined as including firms with headquarters located in other countries as well as in the United States. United States International Trade Commission | 3PDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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