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Working Paper ID-065 Box 1 Industrial emissions Atmospheric CO2 levels, as measured on an average daily basis, grew during 1800–2019 from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to about 414 ppm.a China and the United States accounted for about 40 percent of the 2019 total; other major sources are India and the EU.b Industrial emissions accounted for 24 percent of total CO2 levels. Iron and steel mills, cement plants, and chemical plants are the three largest sources of mixed CO/CO2 emissions.c Such waste industrial emissions have traditionally been flared or recycled onsite for power generation. As such in recent years, various organizations and countries have undertaken efforts to track and reduce CO2 emissions. Examples include efforts by the United Nations (UN), including the Paris Agreement of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the UN’s “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.”d The 2030 Agenda has 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).e IEA reports that greater annual declines in iron and steel mill and chemical industry emissions are needed to meet the SDGs, adding that governments and industry need to be more proactive to meet the SDGs (e.g., by increasing CCU projects).f Countries and international organizations are also planning to stop building new coal-fired power plants by the end of 2020; implement more carbon pricing programs; and to stop using fossil fuels, among other measures.g As such, manufacturers are increasingly taking steps to reduce the ongoing release of CO2 to the atmosphere using a variety of methods, including carbon capture sequestration (CCS) and carbon capture utilization (CCU).h In broad terms, as shown in the graphic below, CO2 emissions that are captured can either be stored or utilized. In CCS, CO2 is captured and stored in geologic reservoirs.i In contrast, CCU refers to the reuse of captured carbon for other industrial processes. CO2 has long been utilized in a non-converted form for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and in food and beverage applications. Alternatively, CO2 emitters can convert CO2 into other products (e.g., to manufacture biofuels and chemicals, as described in this paper). CCS versus CCU Source: “File: CCU vs CCS.png,” Author: Qazxsw23edc, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, December 7, 2018. The file is unchanged. a CO2LEVELS.org, “Global CO2 Levels,” https://www.co2levels.org/. IEA says global CO2 emissions in 2019 stayed at 2018 levels despite world economic growth. IEA, “Defying Expectations of a Rise, Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Flatlined in 2019,” press release, February 11, 2020. b Fleming, “Chart of the Day,” World Economic Forum, June 7, 2019; Ahmad, “Strengthening International Collaboration,” March 2019. c China produces about half the world’s steel and is also the world’s largest producer of chemicals. Ahmad, “Strengthening International Collaboration,” March 2019; ACC, “Guide to the Business of Chemistry,” 2019; World Steel Association, “World Steel in Figures 2019,” 10. d UNFCCC, “The Paris Agreement,” (accessed September 27, 2019); UN Statistics Division, “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018,” Overview. e UN Statistics Division, “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018,” Overview. f Vass, Fernandez-Pales, and Levi, “Tracking Clean Energy Progress: Iron and Steel,” IEA, May 29, 2019; Levi, Fernandez-Pales, and Vass, “Tracking Clean Energy Progress: Chemicals,” IEA, May 24, 2019. g Chemnick, “Global Promises to Reduce CO2 Are Falling Short of 1.5-Degree-C Warming Goal,” Scientific American, September 24, 2019. h Vass, Fernandez-Pales, and Levi, “Tracking Clean Energy Progress: Iron and Steel,” IEA, May 29, 2019. i DOE, “Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage,” (accessed October 16, 2019). Sources acknowledge decreasing public acceptance for carbon storage. 4 | www.usitc.govPDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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