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Working Paper ID-065 In one CCU technology—fermentation—proprietary microorganisms convert (or digest) carbon-based emissions to produce bioethanol and/or various chemicals through a process that involves gas collection, fermentation in a bioreactor, and recovery of the end products (see LanzaTech’s process in figure 2 as an example of a process using fermentation). As discussed further below, the individual microorganisms used in a given fermentation process have the potential to be switched out as market conditions change and replaced by other microorganisms that produce different products (e.g., replacing a microorganism that produces biofuels with one that produces chemicals, and vice versa, if market changes make one product more advantageous than the other). Figure 2 Converting waste carbon streams to ethanol and chemicals using LanzaTech’s technology Source: Reprinted with permission from LanzaTech. Alternatively, in CCU solutions utilizing electrolysis, electricity—sometimes in combination with a catalyst—is used to convert emissions to bioethanol or various chemicals; the process and/or the catalyst may be proprietary. See Avantium’s ReCode process in figure 3 as an example of a process using electrolysis. Industry sources note that the new production capacity is generally in the form of modular “bolt-on” units that can be added to existing production facilities.20 Cost data are usually proprietary but industry representatives say that a number of factors affect the cost of retrofitting existing manufacturing sites with such units, including output, the region, and the cost of energy used (e.g., renewable electricity); they add that since this is new technology, it is likely that the costs will decline as the processes are 20 Avantium, “Reducing CO2, Producing Chemicals: The Potential of Electrochemistry,” August 21, 2019; Phytonix Solar Chemicals, “Biological Carbon Dioxide Utilization Technology for the Production of Low Cost Industrial Chemicals Utilizing Photosynthesis,” presentation at C02 Reuse Summit, May 16–17, 2018; Biofuels Digest, Putting CO2 Emissions to Work: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Opus 12, April 18, 2019; Opus 12, “Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide” (accessed October 4, 2019). 8 | www.usitc.govPDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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