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Working Paper ID-065 Consortia have also been formed to develop and assess such technologies, such as Carbon4PUR in the European Union (EU). Carbon4PUR, a team of 14 partners led by the chemical company Covestro, including industrial and academic partners among others, is exploring how waste carbon from mixed CO and CO2 streams from steel flue gasses can be used to manufacture polyols, a raw material used in polyurethanes. Covestro already produces cardyon® commercially at its plant in Dormagen, Germany; cardyon®, a polyol made from waste CO2 obtained from emissions from a chemical plant, contains up to 20 percent CO2. In addition to Covestro, other large multinational chemical companies such as Aramco Performance Materials, BASF, Dow Chemical, and Evonik are involved in numerous CCU projects. The business models used vary. For example, LanzaTech currently licenses its technology; thyssenkrupp, Dow Benelux, and Phytonix Solar Chemicals have also stated they plan to license their technologies.37 The business models used by the industrial emitters also vary but, according to industry sources, will likely combine licensing and joint venture (JV) models.38 The technology providers would license the technology to the sources with the industrial emissions with the licensees then owning the chemicals produced. The company providing the waste gas could then create a JV with another company (e.g., a chemical company) that would market/distribute the chemicals produced. The JV would sell the products and the partners would receive payments from the JV.39 Steel companies would reportedly partner with a chemical company in a joint venture to reduce business risk and to also benefit from the chemical company’s knowledge of chemical markets and distribution pathways.40 Figure 6 presents a graphical depiction of a few possible “mix-and-match” supply chain scenarios; also, although the steel and chemical industries are highlighted in the graphic, other firms with industrial emissions and/or using them (e.g., those manufacturing cement) also play a key role. 37 Richardson, “Virgin & LanzaTech Partner on Alternative Jet Fuel”; Reuters, “Thyssenkrupp to Cut CO2 Emissions by 30% over Next Decade,” July 2, 2019; Phytonix Solar Chemicals, “What We Do” (accessed December 16, 2019); Smart Delta Resources, “FD: Arcelor and Dow Solve Each Others Problems,” February 9, 2017; ArcelorMittal, “ArcelorMittal and LanzaTech Break Ground on €150million Project to Revolutionise Blast Furnace Carbon Emissions Capture,” press release, June 11, 2018. Some companies, in the CCU sector and other sectors, however, are reportedly hesitant to develop operations in China, in part because of intellectual property rights considerations. Industry representative, telephone interview with USITC staff, October 16, 2019. 38 Industry representatives, telephone interviews with USITC staff, August 13, 2019, and August 30, 2019; industry representative, email to USITC staff, September 17, 2019. 39 Industry representatives, telephone interviews with USITC staff, August 13, 2019, and August 30, 2019; industry representative, email to USITC staff, September 17, 2019. 40 Industry representative, email to USITC staff, September 17, 2019. 14 | www.usitc.govPDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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