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LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1: Refrigeration progression. 11 Figure 2.2: Comparison of evaporating pressures. 15 Figure 2.3: Critical point illustrated on carbon dioxide P-h diagram. 16 Figure 2.4: Phase diagram. 18 Figure 2.5: Comparison of the P-h diagrams for R-134a and CO2, 19 Figure 2.6: Enthalpy change of CO2 in the gas cooling process. 20 Figure 2.7: Entropy change of CO2 in the gas cooling process. 20 Figure 2.8: Vapour pressure for different refrigerants. 21 Figure 2.9: Slope of saturation pressure curve for different refrigerants. 22 Figure 2.10: Variation of density as a function of temperature and pressure. 23 Figure 2.11: Variation of volumetric refrigeration capacity for refrigerants. 23 Figure 2.12: Isobaric specific heat for CO2• 24 Figure 2.13: Pseudo critical temperature and maximum isobaric specific heat for 25 CO2. Figure 2.14: Thermal conductivity of CO2• 25 Figure 2.15: Viscosity of CO2. 26 Figure 2.16: COP of a transcritical CO2 heat pump as a function of the CO2 outlet 27 temperature from the gas cooler and the evaporation temperature Figure 2.17: The transcritical C02 heat pump cycle operated at four different high- 28 side pressures. The C02 outlet temperature from the gas cooler is assumed to be constant at 35°C Figure 2.18: P-h diagram for cascade system C02/R404A. 29 Figure 2.19: Principle diagram CO2 cascade system with 2 temperature levels. 30 Figure 2.20: Measured performance of mobile air conditioning. 32 Figure 2.21: Principle schematic of a heat pump water heater. 34 Figure 2.22: A subcriticalcycle using R-22 as refrigerant. 35 Figure 2.23: A transcritical cycle using CO2 as refrigerant. 36 Figure 2.24: Principle schematic of a CO2 heat pump water heater. 39 Figure 2.25: Calculated COP as a function of evaporation temperature. 40 Figure 2.26: Primary energy demand and utilization of renewable heat for different 40 hot water heating systems (electric immersion heaters, heat pump and solar heater). Figure 2.27: Simulated relative COPs for a C02 heat pump water heater as fUnction 43 of the inlet water to the gas cooler at 60 and 80a C set point temperature for domestic hot water. A Techno-Economical Analysis of a C02 Heat Pump. School ofMechanical Engineering, North-West University - - - - - - - vii PAGEPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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