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Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are included along with hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the greenhouse gas emissions covered by the Kyoto protocol (Hasse et a/., 2008). Contributing to global warming and also used as a measure of release of carbon dioxide is the so-called total equivalent warming impact (TEWI). TEWI is calculated "from two plant effects, namely the refrigerant escape (direct effect) and the escape of greenhouse gases which result from the plant energy consumption (indirect effect). It is given that an average of 0.65kg carbon dioxide is released for every kWh of energy used by a conventional refrigeration plant, resulting in a plant's lack of efficiency greatly contributing to global warming (Fleming et a/., 1992). The restrictions placed on chlorine-based substances are forcing the industry to look for completely different and long-term solutions. As a result, interest has grown in technologies based on ecologically safe and natural refrigerants. Some of these natural refrigerants include water, air, noble gasses, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Of these, the efficiency of air is low, ammonia is toxic and flammable, and hydrocarbons are also flammable, just to mention a few drawbacks. This resulted in the attention being shifted to the development of CO2 technologies. Since research on CO2 has once again flared up, there has been a considerable increase in the interest and development activity internationally. Over the past 5 years an increasing number of applications with CO2 as refrigerant were implemented internationally (Fleming et a/., 1992).
A Techno-Economical Analysis of a CO2 Heat Pump. School of Mechanical Engineering, North-West University
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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