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CHAPTER 2: LITERA TURE STIJDY 9 -.--.--.------- Modern refrigeration only recognises five natural refrigerants. Air has been used in gas cycles and is able to achieve reasonably low temperatures, but its low efficiency has limited its use. Water vapour has been used in large applications, including centrifugal and axial turbines in open systems, but its low pressures and the fact that it cannot operate at evaporation temperatures lower than O°C restricted its use as a refrigerant completely. Hydrocarbons, CO2 and ammonia can be used in a wider range of applications, which include more of the conventional systems. Currently, phasing out hydrocarbon use is being investigated, as will be discussed later in this chapter. Ammonia is ideal in large industrial systems, but its use in the domestic and commercial sectors are limited due to its toxicity (Pearson, 2006). CO2 is especially suitable for use in heat pump systems due to its high heat rejection temperature because of its low critical temperature (Kuwabara et al., 2006). There is still an argument that designing and using CO2 systems are less cost effective than using conventional systems. According to R744.com (b) two factors are influencing this argument considerably: firstly the costs of chemical fluids are becoming more expensive due to supply shortages, and fuel costs are rising. It is assumed that prices of chemical refrigerants could go up as much as 50% in the next 5 years. Not only is this playing a big role but secondly the fact that training and support of using HFCs to comply with the regulations placed on users has lowered the cost competitiveness of curr~nt systems. A Techno-Economical Analysis of a CO2 Heat Pump. School of Mechanical Engineering, North-West UniversityPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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