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CHAPTER 2: LITERA TURE STUDY 11 operating the system at supercritical high side pressure and various two-stage operations (Kim et a/., 2003). From the 1930's the so-called safety refrigerants were introduced. These refrigerants were primarily chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as R-11, R-12 and R-13, and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) such as R-22 and R-502. The introduction of these refrigerants brought about the replacement of all the old working fluids in most applications. The major argument for implementing these refrigerants was because of their improved safety. CO2 was also replaced by the transition to CFC refrigerants (Freund, s.a.). It was not until the 1970's that the disastrous effects of these refrigerants on the ozone layer were discovered. The CFC problem was becoming a pressing issue in the 1980's which lead to the phasing out of these refrigerants. Chemical alternatives first introduced by the chemical industry are the various hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as R-134a, R-507 and R-407c. While the HFCs have no ODP they are still synthetic greenhouse contributing greatly to global warming even more than the refrigerants they replaced. With all of these problems building up, the refrigeration industry was searching for viable alternatives (Kim et a/., 2003). .. Xigure ?1l?hows the progression of refrigerants over the years according to Calm (2008). Figure 2.1: Refrigeration Progression (Calm, 2008). fourth generation 2Q10 global warming , . - - - - - - - - j zerolfow DDP. low GWP, A Techno-Economical Analysis of a CO2 Heat Pump. School of Mechanical Engineering, North-West Universiq third generation 1990-20105 ,.---,.".::----,.".---1 Q?one protPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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