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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STUDY 29 2.5 App/icationsof CO2 This section provides a brief overview of some CO2 applications. 2.5.1 Cascade systems Cascade systems are widely used for commercial refrigeration in places like supermarkets. According to Palandre (2004) conventional commercial refrigeration has the largest emissions, contributing to about 37% within its sector. Leakage on these systems is reported to be up to 30% of the total refrigerant charge. This resulted in a need for a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly solution (Neksa et al., 1998). CO2 is used in cascade systems operating at its sub-critical region with another refrigerant for the high temperature side. Recent studies are also looking at using CO2 in the high temperature side in its transcritical state (Neksa, 2002). Figure 2.18 shows a Ph-diagram of a cascade system using CO2 in the low-temperature region and R404A in the high-temperature region (Lukitobudi, s.a.). Figure 2.18: P-h diagram for cascade system COz/R404A (Lukitobudi, s.a.). Pressure ..... ----- .,-' .. '" ." "" ,-" \ \ R404A .I I II - --------7----· r 7 I/II 1/II I I I[I [f _L_..1 I [ I 1 I I J J I I I I 1 I/ II tf Some of the advantages about CO2 cascade systems are the reduction in low temperature compressor size, no liquid pump is necessary, fewer stages are A Techno-Economical Analysis of a CO2 Heat Pump. School ofMechanical Engineering, North-West University II EnthalpyPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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