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CHAPTER LITERATURE STUDY 40 Figure 2.25: Calculated COP as a function of evaporation temperature. (Stene, 2007). 5,0 + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - : 2 " " " " - - - - - - 1 4,5 1 I 2.5+-----~-----~~----+_------~ -10 -5 5 10 ~1 (R-134a) ____ 1 (R-290) ~,=:;,;;=2 (R-134a) .",,*-2 (R-290) -!+E- 3 (R-134a) - + - 3 (R-290) -+-4 (R-744) ::!:: £L 4,0 -t----:::;;;..-f"""+-----r-~rz:;:;I"":5>I1I' o o According to the results from Stene (2007), profitability was determined. It was found that when groundwater at a temperature of rc was used as the heat source, the calculated seasonal performance factor was approximately 3.8 for the CO2 heat pump water heater, resulting in an approximate annual energy saving of 70-75% compared to conventional domestic hot water systems that uses electric immersion heaters. It also corresponds to an approximate 20-35% higher saving than that of the Scandinavian domestic hot water systems which use high efficient solar based collectors with electric immersion heaters as backup (Stene, 2007). Figure 2.26 illustrates this schematically. Figure 2.26: Primary energy demand and utilization of renewable heat for different hot water heating systems (electric immersion heaters, heat pump and solar heating) (Stene, 2007). Renewable heat Primary energy demand According to Chen et al. (2006). CO2 has no pinch limitations in the heat exchanger and therefore the delta temperature between the refrigerant and the medium can A Techno-Economical Analysis of a CO, Heat Pump. School ofMechanical Engineering, North-West UniversityPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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