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GPM Gallon per Minute GWP Global Warming Potential HPWH Heat Pump Water Heater HW Hot Water kBTU Thousand British Thermal Units kW Kilowatt(s) kWh Kilowatt-hour(s) kWh/yr Kilowatt-hour(s) per Year M&V Measurement and Verification NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OAT Outside Air Temperature PHPWH Primary Heat Pump Water Heater ST Storage Tank TMV Temperature Mixing Valve Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people and entities for their contributions to this study: Bonneville Power Administration’s E3T program for over a decade of support for Heat Pump Water Heaters. Capitol Hill Housing for pursuing a heat pump water heater for Site House and being willing for Ecotope to perform this case study at their property. The City of Seattle Office of Housing for first initiating the heat pump water heater analysis in 2014 and for funding the retrofit project. Emerald Cities Seattle for bringing us back into the building in 2017 for another look at a heat pump water heater retrofit. John Miles, General Manager at Sanden International, for sharing his in-depth product knowledge with our team. Abstract Heating water for occupant use in existing multifamily buildings represents a substantial energy load. This load is made up of the energy required to heat the water, and also energy to maintain the water temperature within a building’s distribution piping. Properly designed heat pump water heater (HPWH) systems have the potential for increased efficiencies in both primary water heating and temperature maintenance. Additionally, new CO2 heat pumps represent a shift from traditional refrigerants to low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. This case study demonstrated that multiple Sanden (CO2) heat pump water heaters (typically used in single-family residential applications), together with a novel “swing tank” design, can collectively serve the water heating and recirculation loop temperature maintenance needs of a 60-unit low-rise multifamily building in the Pacific Northwest. Field-collected data showed that BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION vPDF Image | CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Multifamily Retrofit
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