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Executive Summary Domestic hot water heating in multifamily buildings represents a substantial energy load. This load includes heating water from city water supply for use by building occupants, as well as maintaining the water temperature in building distribution piping – a strategy used to make hot water quickly available to occupants throughout the building. Properly designed heat pump water heater (HPWH) systems have the potential for increased efficiencies in both primary water heating and temperature maintenance processes. Carbon dioxide (CO2) heat pump water heaters in particular offer a low global warming potential solution to water heating energy loads. This case study demonstrated that multiple Sanden (CO2) HPWHs (typically used in single-family residential applications), together with a novel “swing tank” design, can collectively serve the water heating and temperature maintenance needs of a 60- unit multifamily building in the Northwest. Annual monitoring demonstrated that the system provided an average of 20 gallons per day per apartment and had an average system coefficient of performance of 3.3 with minimal contribution from the backup electric resistance water heating (ERWH) system. This report outlines the findings from a year of monitoring and provides valuable insights into equipment performance and function; proofing of a novel “swing tank” design; and installation costs analysis. The HPWH system offered substantial savings over the original electric resistance water heating system, performing with over three times the efficiency. Despite periodic equipment errors and the occasional use of the backup ERWH, the HPWH system worked very efficiently. Although HPWH equipment is still relatively novel to the installation community in Seattle, there are local indications that costs are becoming more affordable amongst experienced contractors. Additionally, the energy savings of these systems can offset the initial installation cost over conventional equipment. Based on the findings from this project, with proper design, domestic hot water heating and temperature maintenance for mid-sized multifamily buildings can be efficiently served by residential-scale CO2 HPWH equipment and a “swing tank” design. Further study of recirculation losses is needed for developing additional HPWH and “swing tank” designs and sizing. Additionally, development of alarm notification and control capabilities for this equipment will ensure that optimum operation can be maintained. CO2 HWPHs are a valuable energy efficiency tool across the multifamily sector for both new and existing buildings. Designed properly, a residential scale CO2 HPWH along with a swing tank, can serve a mid-sized multifamily building. BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION 1PDF Image | CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Multifamily Retrofit
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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