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Background This pilot demonstrated the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) in a central plant configuration to produce domestic hot water (DHW) for a multi-unit apartment building. The study site, Elizabeth James House, hereinafter referred to as the Site, is an existing 4-story, 60-unit, low-income senior apartment building located in Seattle, Washington. Built in 1968, it is an “all-electric” building with a pre-existing electric resistance water heating. The focus of this case study was to retrofit the electric resistance DHW system to a HPWH system and assess the long- term field performance evaluation. The existing system was comprised of three relatively new 39 kW instantaneous electric water heaters, three 120-gallon hot water storage tanks, a primary water heater pump, a building hot water circulation pump, and an expansion tank. The three instantaneous electric water heaters were connected in parallel to three storage tanks piped in series. A thermostat in the middle tank controlled the primary water heater pump ON or OFF based on the tank temperature. The three instantaneous electric water heaters engaged on flow and modulated the heating capacity to output 135°F water to the serial bank of storage tanks. This system functioned and delivered hot water to the apartments as designed. However, significant opportunity for energy and cost 1 The model currently on the market is the “Gen3” product line (GS3-45HPA-US), with a new product offering likely available in summer 2020. The Gen3 product offers more flexibility in the savings existed by retrofitting the system with a high efficiency CO2 HPWH. HPWHs transfer heat energy from one source (typically air) to potable water. This is three to four times more efficient than a fossil-gas or electric-resistance water heater. BPA selected a CO2 HPWH for its low global warming potential, its ability to function outdoors in cool climates, and the high efficiency. CO2 delivers a high coefficient of performance (COP). Although the HPWH product selected was originally designed for the single-family residential market, by ganging multiple HPWHs together the product met the DHW needs for a larger multi-unit building. Ecotope designed a central plant using Four 15,000 BtuH Sanden HPWH (Model GUS-A45HPA1); Three existing storage tanks; Three existing instantaneous electric water heaters and pump; The existing building hot water circulation pump; A new 175-gallon storage tank; and A new thermostatic tempering valve. Using the existing Site equipment reduced upfront costs and provided emergency backup. The retrofit was completed in 2018, monitoring began in March 2019, and results demonstrated that the HPWH system is three times more efficient than the previous ERWH boiler system. water temperature settings, which can be controlled from 130° to 175°F. BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION 3PDF Image | CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Multifamily Retrofit
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