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20-hours). In extreme cases, during a leak event and when multiple heat pumps were inoperable, run times could exceed 24-hours. Incremental costs for HPWH systems are still higher than conventional equipment; however, it is expected that the cost for heat pump water heating systems will drop significantly as the products make their way into the mainstream market. Until that time, utility and other incentive programs can reduce the payback period for early adoption. Even without incentives, however, HPWH systems demonstrate substantial cost- effective energy savings making them an attractive water heating option in retrofits and new construction. The average hot water use on the peak day was nearly double the average daily use. This indicates that designers of HPWH systems should consider incorporation of less expensive back-up electric resistance capacity for the few peak days to allow for a more cost-effective system designed for the majority of days without sacrificing hot water delivery to the occupants. Recommendations for future research projects and product development include: Additional pilot studies in low- and mid-rise buildings to expand multifamily applications for this water heating technology and contribute to utility program design. Future pilots should incorporate an automatic alarm capability and redundant heat pump stages. Expanded “swing tank” designs and applications require a tested method for predicting recirculation losses so that temperature maintenance systems can be sized reliably. This will require additional research on temperature maintenance systems and recirculation losses. This project included the minimum heat pump capacity needed to serve the project. During the course of the study this site experienced intermittent periods when one or more HPWHs were inoperable. Frequently this could be addressed swiftly by mechanical contractors or experienced maintenance staff. However, including an additional Sanden unit in system designs would allow for some measure of elasticity in output capacity. This could decrease overall HWPH run times, and further reduce backup system operation, and provide adequate heat pump capacity for periods when one of the units is off-line. Future study into the cost and performance impact of this “safety factor” approach to HPWH system design would be needed. Some level of M&V equipment for the purpose of troubleshooting should be included in all emerging technology installations. Based on M&V data collected in this study, we recommend two changes to the Sanden product for multifamily applications: a control system capable of turning on multiple units from a single temperature sensor, and an automatic remote alarm capability. These additional features will ensure that systems are operating as designed over the long-term and that utility programs that incentivize these installations are realizing the anticipated savings. Ideally, this is a manufacturer- provided feature; however, interim third-party solutions could be useful and should be included in demonstration project testing. BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION 23PDF Image | CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Multifamily Retrofit
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