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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................vi NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1. Objectives................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Current Refrigerants ................................................................................... 1 1.3. Natural Refrigerants – CO2 as a Refrigerant .............................................. 3 1.4. Scope of Application of CO2 Heat Pumps in Data Centers ......................... 6 1.5. Energy Consumed by Heating Systems in Buildings ................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. CASE STUDY: DATA CENTER ................................................... 12 2.1. Introduction............................................................................................... 12 2.2. Mathematics Department – Current System............................................. 13 2.3. Mathematic Department - Proposed System ............................................ 17 2.4. Modeling ................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................... 26 3.1. Two-Stage Compression in Summer Months ........................................... 26 3.2. Energy Savings with Addition of Work Recovery Device .......................... 28 3.3. Energy Savings with Increase in Data Center Supply Temperature ......... 29 3.4. Energy Savings with Daily Thermal Storage............................................. 33 3.4.1. Sensible Storage and Latent Storage System .................................... 36 CHAPTER 4. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS .................................................... 40 CHAPTER 5. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ............................................................... 43 5.1. Payback Analysis with Storage................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 6. SAFETY CONCERNS .................................................................. 47 CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS OF MARKET BENEFITS............................................ 50 CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 9. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK ....................................................... 53 LIST OF REFERENCES .................................................................................... 55 APPENDICES Appendix A. ..................................................................................................... 60 Appendix B. ..................................................................................................... 64 Page ivPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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