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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1-1 Transition of refrigerants along the years ............................................ 3 Figure 1-2 Electricity share from Coal (Mills, 2013) .............................................. 8 Figure 1-3 Increase in data center market size .................................................... 9 Figure 1-4 Typical breakdown of energy consumption in a data center (Info-tech Research, 2007). ............................................................................ 9 Figure 1-5 2010 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits ......................................... 10 Figure 1-6 2003 Commercial buildings delivered end-use intensities by building activity (D&R International Ltd., 2011)............................................. 11 Figure 2-1 Conte, Purdue’s most powerful research computer........................... 12 Figure 2-2 Current system overview (Gagnon, 2011) ........................................ 13 Figure 2-3 (a) Data server racks (b) Rear door cooling units ..................... 14 Figure 2-4 (a) Cooling Distribution Units (CDU) (b)Underfloor piping distributing chilled water from CDU to the rear door cooling units ................ 15 Figure 2-5 Energy flow diagram of the current conventional system .................. 16 Figure 2-6 Heating load of the MATH building and cooling load of the MATH datacenter.......................................................................................17 Figure 2-7 Energy flow diagram of the proposed system ................................... 18 Figure 2-8 Schematic diagram of the system ..................................................... 18 Figure 2-9 Model Flow-diagram.......................................................................... 20 Figure 2-10 COP vs heating percentages .......................................................... 22 Figure 2-11 P-h diagram of the CO2 cycle on a typical cold day (November)................................................................................................... 23 Figure 2-12: P-h diagram of the CO2 cycle on a typical hot day (July) ............... 24 Figure 3-1 Potential primary energy savings ...................................................... 26 Figure 3-2 Potential primary energy savings when single stage compression is compared to 2-stage compression....................................... 27 Figure 3-3 Primary energy savings - Comparison of system with throttling valve to a system with an work recovery expander........................ 29 Figure 3-4 Annual primary energy savings for Tsupply, cold = 17° C ....................... 31 Figure 3-5 Annual primary energy savings for Tsupply, cold = 27° C ....................... 31 Figure 3-6 Annual primary energy savings for Tsupply, cold = 32° C ....................... 32 Figure 3-7 Variation of annual primary energy savings and total annual COP ... 32 Figure 3-8 Potential use of storage..................................................................... 34 Figure 3-9 Categorization of various storage techniques (Heier et al., 2014) ..... 35 Figure 3-10 Savings in primary energy with daily storage .................................. 37 viPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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