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integrated. An example of application in commercial buildings with simultaneous heating and cooling demand is discussed in this thesis. One of the first transcritical CO2 systems was a prototype automotive air conditioning system built and tested by Lorentzen and Pettersen (1992). This was succeeded by first prototype experiment on bus air conditioning (Sonnekalb & Kohler, 1996) and studies on feasibility of train air conditioning application (Quack & Kraus, 1994). The CO2 transcritical cycle system proves to be reliable system for air conditioning system of vehicles because of its low weight, safety, reliability, tightness and overall system performance. However, research shows that the system performs better than R-134a system only at lower ambient temperature. Apart from automobiles, CO2 systems have also been used as commercial refrigeration systems. Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycles have been used in vending machines. In December 2009, the Coca Cola Company announced converting all their vending machines to CO2 systems. Coca Cola Company have installed one million coolers till 2014 and claim to have increased energy efficiency of the cooling equipment by 40% (The Coca Cola Company, 2015). CO2 systems have also been utilized in cascade type industrial refrigeration system and as a secondary fluid in food display applications in super markets. An interesting application of CO2 heat pump system discussed by Li & Groll, 2004 is carbon dioxide based Environmental Control Units (ECU) used by the U.S. Army to provide air conditioning for field installation and personnel. The research shows a higher cooling COP and a higher cooling capacity for carbon dioxide based ECU when compared to the traditional R-22 based ECU. Apart from the various applications discussed, tap water heating is another promising application of the transcritical CO2 system. The temperature glide of CO2 during supercritical heat rejection results in a very good temperature adaptation when heating tap water, which undergoes a large temperature glide itself. This, together with the efficient compression and good heat transfer characteristics of CO2, makes it possible to design very efficient heat pumping systems (Groll & 5PDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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