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30 Table 3-1. ASHRAE Liquid Cooled Guidelines (Steinbrecher & Schmidt, 2011). Liquid Cooling Classes Typical Infrastructure design Facility supply water temperature Main Heat Rejection Equipment Supplemental Cooling Equipment W1 Chiller/Cooling Tower Cooling Tower Building Heating System Water-side Economizer (With Dry cooler or Cooling Tower) Chiller Cooling Tower 2°C to 17°C 2°C to 27°C 2°C to 32°C > 45°C W2 W3 Water-side Economizer (With Dry cooler or Cooling Tower) N/A 2°C to 45°C W4 W5 The data centers which use chillers only as supplemental cooling are classified under class W3. Class W4 and W5 data centers do not use chillers. Class W5 data centers are special data centers in which the ITE can withstand high temperatures of more than 45°C. In this sub-section, the change in energy savings with increase in supply temperature is shown. The results are limited to the temperature range of the class W1, W2 and W3 data centers since the technology being discussed uses chillers to cool the data centers. The primary energy savings over a year for the current data center requirements of chilled supply temperature of 6°C is shown in Figure 3-3. Figure 3-4, Figure 3-5 and Figure 3-6 represent the primary energy savings over a year if supply temperature are increased to 17°C (Class W1), 27°C (Class W2) and 32°C (Class W3). The total annual primary energy savings increase from ~28% to ~61% and the total annual COP increases from 4.5 to 8.1 when the supply temperature increases from 6°C to 32°C. This is clearly represented in Figure 3-7. This increase in performance is because of the increase in the evaporating temperature from -4°C to 22°C.PDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS
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