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Figure 1 A schematic diagram showing the thermodynamic cycle of the process and the water heating process (blue line) in a transcritical refrigeration cycle(left) and in a conventional refrigeration cycle (right) [2] Japan has from the beginning been leading the process of commercializing the carbon dioxide air source heat pumps, mainly due to three reasons: • Japan has small houses with limited living space, which makes the geothermal heat pump difficult to realize with a big water tank for example; • The traditional habit of hot bathing, Onsen, requires large amount of hot water. It is thus clear that this nice habit requires a more efficient and environmental benign way of producing hot water than the conventional way of burning fossil fuels (i.e. natural gas); • Governmental subsides, supporting the introduction of energy saving technologies such as the carbon dioxide heat pump. The tested Japanese CO2 heat pump has “Eco-Cute” as a general name, which derives itself from the Japanese pronunciation of “hot water heater”. The Eco-Cute technology was jointly developed by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), Denso Corporation and CRIEPI, since the year 1998. In year 2001, the world’s first CO2 heat pump water heater was introduced on the market simultaneous by Corona, Sekisui Chemical, Mitsubishi Electric, Shihen Technical, Kyuhen and other companies with Denso as the original equipment manufacturer. With the fast development of CO2 heat pumps, in fiscal year 2005 alone, about 225 000 units were shipped in Japan [3]. There are thus many Japanese CO2 heat pump manufactures nowadays providing CO2 heat pumps, such as Sanyo, Sharp and Daikin, etc. Among them, Sanyo has been a pioneer in developing units for the European market. However, when compared to habits of some Japanese end users, there is not so high demand for hot tap water in Swedish but instead a much higher demand for heating energy due to the cold Nordic climate. Therefore, the “Swedish version” Eco- 10PDF Image | CO2 heat pumps for the Swedish market
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