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70 65 60 55 stops 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 el. heater tank charging with electric heater at -2°C Tamb - 2008-04-29 temperature [°C] Flow [m3/h]; power [kW] 0 0 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100 9000 9900 10800 11700 time [s] T_top T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T_rad_supply water gas cooler out water gas cooler in compr. power Flow scaled 10 [m3/h] Figure 28. Heating up of a cold tank with the electric heater in “on-mode” Comparing the two figures (Figure 27 and 28), one may notice that the tank temperature increases much faster with the electric heater in on-mode than in off-mode (which is logical). Furthermore, with the electric heater in on-mode, the highest water temperature can be found on the top of the water tank until the electric heater is switched to off-mode, which happens when the tank has reached a certain temperature. After that, the highest temperature is found below the partition plate placed in the tank. When the electric heater is in off-mode for the whole “heating up” process, the highest temperatures appears below the partition plate all the time ever since the beginning of the heating up process. The reason for the maldistribution of the stratification may be that the connection tube, which should transfer hotter water from the lower part of the tank to the higher part, is not connecting both parts at the exact partition plate’s level, but below it. Therefore, when the heat pump is running, hot water delivered by the heat pump will stay in the region between the partition plate and the connection tube inlet. Consequently, this result in the fact that the highest temperature can be found just below the partition plate (point 4) and heat is transferred to the upper part of the tank by conduction through the partition plate. The result is that point 3 thus becomes the second warmest spot. Poor tank stratification will thus appear every time when the heat pump is running. Similar phenomena (warmer water stays below the partition plate) can also be found during the defrosting tests when the electric heater is in off-mode, for tests which were performed after the tank has reached the stable condition (Figure 29 and Figure 30). 36PDF Image | CO2 heat pumps for the Swedish market
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