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HPWH Performance Report The heat trace is temperature dependent and increases its power use as the temperature decreases. Figure 9 shows that there is also a slope to the heat trace power versus ambient air temperature. Figure 9: Heat Trace Power vs. Ambient Air Temperature 5.2 Impact of Outside Air Temperature on Unit Power Figure 10 shows the relationship between outside air temperature and the power consumption of all Sanden units on a one-minute time interval. All sites have a downward slope showing that the higher the outdoor air temperature (OAT, heat source), the lower the power required. The minutes in which only the heat trace was drawing power have been removed to better show the temperature dependence of power consumption on the heat pump unit itself. The significant variance in power consumption at different ambient temperatures is due to the variable speed compressor and fan “working harder” to extract heat out of a low-grade heat source (low OAT). The compressor experiences a higher lift (difference between suction and discharge pressure) and must do more work to provide hot water. While there are many points that fall below the trendline, the correlation between power and outside air temperature is quite strong (R-squared greater than 0.5 for most sites). The data points with power draws between 0 and 500 watts are partial minutes the heat pump compressor ran. For example, if at -15 °C the heat pump compressor ran for 30-seconds at 1,000 watts, the power logger would record a 500-watt pulse output. Other points below 600 watts are either the compressor ramping up at the beginning of a heating cycle, or a defrost cycle as shown at Kelowna site 1 in Figure 10 below. 8PDF Image | CO2 Integrated Heat Pump Water Heater
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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