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M.-H. Kim et al. / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119–174 161 Fig. 54. T – s diagram showing the transcritical CO2 cycle used for water heating. was achievable even for a hot water temperature of 60 8C as shown in Fig. 56 [163]. The high process efficiency is partly due to good adaptation of the process to the application, but also due to efficient compression and the good heat transfer characteristics for CO2. A CO2 heat pump water heater may produce hot water with temperatures up to 90 8C without operational problems and with only a small loss in efficiency. Increasing the required hot water temperature from 60 to 80 8C reduces the heating COP only slightly (from 4.3 to 3.6 at an evaporating temperature of 0 8C), and one of the big advantages of this technology is the ability to supply water at high temperature with good COP. Important Fig. 55. Fifty kilowatt prototype heat pump water heater in SINTEF/NTNU laboratory [108]. application areas for commercial-size systems are in hotels, apartment houses, hospitals, and food industries. The above heat pump water heater system was included in the European Union (EU) cooperative project ‘COHEPS’ from 1996 to 1998, where research groups in Austria (Graz University of Technology), Norway (SINTEF/NTNU), Germany (University of Hanover, Essen University) and Belgium (Catholic University of Leuven) together with their industrial partners studied various aspects of heat pumping applications for CO2, including commercial-scale heat pumps, residential heat pumps, systems for hydronic heating circuits, and drying heat pumps. Hwang and Radermacher [164] published data on water heater, and used model to show 10% COP improvement over R-22. Fig. 56. Measured heating COP of laboratory prototype system, at water inlet temperature 10 8C.PDF Image | CO2 Vapor Compression Systems
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