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162 M.-H. Kim et al. / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119–174 Fig. 57. Gas coolers for CO2 heat pump water heaters [168]. A 25 kW pilot plant was installed in a food-processing factory in Larvik, Norway in 1999, using waste heat from an industrial NH3 refrigerating system as a heat source. Performance has exceeded the initial expectations, and the system has proven to be a very profitable investment for the company. A new pilot plant is now under erection in Oslo, Norway. Several Japanese manufacturers put CO2 heat pump water heaters on the market in 2001/2002 [165]. The typical rated heating capacity and COP are 4.5 kW and over 3.0, respectively, based on the JRA Standard 4050 [166] which provides test standards and terminologies of small CO2 heat pump water heaters (capacity, Q , 11:8 kW). These water heater systems produce hot water using cheap late-night electric power, and stores hot water in a tank for daytime use [167]. These CO2 heat pump water heaters used several different types of gas coolers for the cost effective compact systems as shown in Fig. 57 [168]. 8.6. Environmental control units Military needs for space conditioning systems for temporary shelters, command modules, and vehicles have traditionally been met by procurement rather than R&D, using custom-built units based on the same basic technology used for commercial applications. The conventional Mil-Std (Military-Standard) ECU (Environmental Control Unit) consists of a reciprocating compressor, copper tube and aluminum fin coils, scroll cage fan assemblies, and a housing that has been hardened to meet the military unique requirements as shown in Fig. 58 [73]. However, two recent developments have motivated the US military to sponsor research on CO2 systems to meet its operational require- ments for (1) lightweight ultra-compact units for rapid deployment via air transport, and (2) a refrigerant that is globally available and free of the diverse and extensive regulatory requirements and logistical challenges associated with greenhouse gases. That body of research has spanned a relatively wide spectrum, from the first demonstration of space heating operation [152] to investigations of ways to make evaporators more compact: bypassing flash gas [150]; and fundamental investigations of boiling behavior near the critical point [20]. One of the earliest theoretical analyses of Fig. 58. Military environmental control unit [73].PDF Image | CO2 Vapor Compression Systems
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