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Energies 2019, 12, 479 4 of 17 Table 1. Manufacturer’s operation and performance data for the Daikin EKHHP300AA2V3. Parameter COP Maximal operation pressure Ambient temperature op. range Value 4.3 41.7 bar 2–35 ◦C Two aspects of the heat pump must be modelled: first, the cycle itself, which is described in Section 2.1.2; and, second, the way in which the heat pump adapts to the cold source (environmental temperature) and to the hot source (water tank temperature). The temperature gap between the saturation temperature at the evaporator T3 and the environmental temperature T0 is determined by the way in which the controller operates the cycle, and is therefore given by design. It can only be determined by experimental readings. This is developed in Section 2.1.3. Similarly, how the controller adapts the condensing temperature T1 to the water tank temperature T7 is also given by design, although this aspect was only of marginal importance for this study. 2.1.1. Experimental Setup Several sensors were fixed to the Daikin EKHHP300AA2V3 to obtain the temperatures at all significant points of the cycle (T1 − T4). The evaporator pressure P3 is the saturation pressure at T3, because the compressor receives vapour from a two-phase separator. The global consumption of the heatpumpW ̇ wasmeasured.Airvelocity,airinandouttemperaturesattheevaporator(T5andT6, respectively) were also registered. The temperature of the room (T0) was controlled to force the heat pump to operate at the desired range in the evaporator. An example of the readings during a heating process is shown in Figure 3, typical for R410A HPWH [17]. Figure 3. Temperature evolution during a water tank heating from 45 ◦C to 55 ◦C . Two modes of operation, Op 1 and Op 2, can be distinguished. Transients are shaded in blue. 2.1.2. EES Model The heat pump implements a simple inverse Rankine cycle. The objective of the EES model is to predict the COP, including the energy consumption of cycle, electronics and fan (see Figure 2), to make it comparable to the TC-HPWH COP.PDF Image | Comparison of Transcritical CO2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump
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