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Energies 2019, 12, 479 10 of 17 The heat losses to the surroundings were assumed negligible. The water outlet temperature was Tw,out = 55 ◦C in all cases (which is within the range of operation of both HPWH). Ranges of water inlet Tw,in and environmental temperatures T0 were considered (see Table 5). The COP was defined by: COP = Q ̇ (6) W ̇ Figure 6. Setup for comparing both heat pumps. They were required to heat a water stream from different values of Tw,in to Tw,out in a counterflow heat exchanger acting as condenser/gas cooler, while operating at different environmental temperatures T0. To compare the two technologies meaningfully, it was decided that the pinch point at the condenser should be ∆TPP = 5 ◦C for both. This was achieved with an iterative EES code that calculated the appropriate heat exchanger for each case. It is worth observing Figure 7. For the R410A HPWH the pinch point, together with the water inlet and outlet temperatures, defines the saturation pressure at the condenser: the pinch point in the condenser always occurs when the R410A reaches saturated vapour. However, for the transcritical HPWH, the pinch point occurs at the water inlet of the gas cooler. A final remark regarding maximum pressures must be made, given that it is one of the aspects traditionally considered critical for the CO2 technology. As expected, maximum pressures for the conventional and the transcritical technologies differ greatly. While the maximum operating pressure for the conventional is in the range of 35 bar, the CO2 heat pump reaches more than 110 bar, as can be noticed from Equation (5).PDF Image | Comparison of Transcritical CO2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump
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