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Comparison of Transcritical CO2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump

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Comparison of Transcritical CO2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump ( comparison-transcritical-co2-and-conventional-refrigerant-he )

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Energies 2019, 12, 479 16 of 17 Symbols h specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) p pressure (bar) Q ̇ heating power of the water heater kW s specific entropy (kJ/kg·K) T temperature (◦C) W ̇ electric power consumption (kW) w specific work (usually with “el” subscript) (kWh/kg) Greek Symbols ηs compressor isentropic efficiency (-) ∆Tsup superheat at the compressor suction (◦C) ∆TPP temperature approximation or pinch point (◦C) εHX heat exchanger efficiency (-) Subscripts and Superscripts 0 el i w,in w, out ambient electric state point water heater inlet water heater outlet References 1. Nawaz, K.; Shen, B.; Elatar, A.; Baxter, V.; Abdelaziz, O. Performance optimization of CO2 heat pump water heater. Int. J. Refrig. 2018, 85, 213–228. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.09.027. 2. Willem, H.; Lin, Y.; Lekov, A. Review of energy efficiency and system performance of residential heat pump water heaters. Energy Build. 2017, 143, 191–201. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.023. 3. Zhang, J.F.; Qin, Y.; Wang, C.C. Review on CO2 heat pump water heater for residential use in Japan. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 50, 1383–1391. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.083. 4. Li, L.; Ge, Y.; Luo, X.; Tassou, S. Thermodynamic analysis and comparison between CO2 transcritical power cycles and R245fa organic Rankine cycles for low grade heat to power energy conversion. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2016, 106, 1290 – 1299. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.132. 5. Liu, X.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, L.; Hou, Y. Experimental Study on the Performance of Water Source Trans-Critical CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater. Energies 2017, 10, 810. doi:10.3390/en10060810. 6. Zhang, Z.; Dong, X.; Ren, Z.; Lai, T.; Hou, Y. Influence of Refrigerant Charge Amount and EEV Opening on the Performance of a Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater. Energies 2017, 10, 1521. doi:10.3390/en10101521. 7. Hu, B.; Li, Y.; Cao, F.; Xing, Z. Extremum seeking control of COP optimization for air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater system. Appl. Energy 2015, 147, 361–372. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.010. 8. Ohkura, M.; Yokoyama, R.; Nakamata, T.; Wakui, T. Numerical analysis on performance enhancement of a CO2 heat pump water heating system by extracting tepid water. Energy 2015, 87, 435–447. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.013. 9. Elguezabal, P.; Garay, R.; Martin, K. Experimentation under real performing conditions of a highly integrable unglazed solar collector into a building façade. Energy Procedia 2017, 122, 775–780. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.395. 10. Torregrosa-Jaime, B.; González, B.; Martínez, P.J.; Payá-Ballester, G. Analysis of the Operation of an Aerothermal Heat Pump in a Residential Building Using Building Information Modelling. Energies 2018, 11, 1642. doi:10.3390/en11071642. 11. Salazar-Herrán, E.; Martín-Escudero, K.; López-Paniagua, I.; Jiménez-Álvaro, A.; Romero-Antón, N. Caracterización experimental de una bomba de calor acoplada a una fachada ventilada para producción de agua caliente. In Proceedings of the Libro de Actas del I Congreso sobre Ingeniería Energética, iENER’18, Madrid, Spain, 27–28 June 2018; Fundación de la Energía de la Comunidad de Madrid: Madrid, Spain, 2018; ISBN 978-84-09-02707-1.

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